{"database": "deitydb", "table": "entities", "is_view": false, "human_description_en": "where entity_class = \"ruler\"", "rows": [["ENT_ART_ARTHUR", "King Arthur", null, "Arthurian", "King", "Legendary king", "kingship; war; the Round Table; the once and future king", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Legendary king of the Britons who founds the Round Table at Camelot and is borne to Avalon after Camlann.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_FISHER_KING", "The Fisher King", null, "Arthurian", "King", "Grail guardian", "guardianship of the Grail; the wasteland and its healing", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Maimed guardian of the Grail (Pelles/Anfortas) whose wound mirrors the wasteland.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_GUINEVERE", "Guinevere", null, "Arthurian", "Queen", "Legendary queen", "queenship; courtly love; the affair with Lancelot", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Wife of Arthur whose love for Lancelot precipitates the fall of the realm.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_IGRAINE", "Igraine", null, "Arthurian", "Queen", "Legendary noblewoman", "noble lineage; the begetting of Arthur", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Wife of Gorlois then Uther; mother of Arthur, Morgan, and Morgause.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_ISOLDE", "Isolde", null, "Arthurian", "Queen", "Legendary lover", "tragic love; the love potion; courtly devotion", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Irish princess and queen of Cornwall, fated lover of Tristan.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_KING_LOT", "King Lot", null, "Arthurian", "King", "Legendary king", "kingship; war; the Orkney lineage", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King of Orkney, husband of Morgause and father of Gawain and his brothers.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_MORGAUSE", "Morgause", null, "Arthurian", "Queen", "Legendary noblewoman", "queenship; the begetting of Mordred; the Orkney lineage", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Half-sister of Arthur, wife of Lot, mother of the Orkney knights and of Mordred.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_PELLINORE", "Pellinore", null, "Arthurian", "King", "Knight of the Round Table", "kingship; the Questing Beast; the feud", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King who pursues the Questing Beast, slays Lot, and fathers Lamorak.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ART_UTHER_PENDRAGON", "Uther Pendragon", null, "Arthurian", "King", "Legendary king", "kingship; war; the begetting of Arthur", null, "literary", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Arthurian legend / Matter of Britain (v1.78.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King who, disguised by Merlin as Gorlois, begets Arthur upon Igraine at Tintagel.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ETH_MAKEDA", "Makeda, Queen of Sheba", null, "Ethiopian Christian", "Queen", "Kebra Nagast figure", "kingship; dynastic origin; wisdom-tradition", null, "devotional", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Roster build via gen_roster.py (see CHANGELOG/git for release)", 0, 0, 0, "Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba; in the Kebra Nagast she visits Solomon and bears Menelik I, founding the Solomonic line. Reception/expansion of the biblical Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10). Homonym/parallel of the biblical Sheba figure.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ETH_MENELIK", "Menelik I", null, "Ethiopian Christian", "King", "Kebra Nagast figure", "kingship; dynastic founding; the Ark tradition", null, "devotional", null, "B", "candidate_verified_name", "Roster build via gen_roster.py (see CHANGELOG/git for release)", 0, 0, 0, "Legendary son of Solomon and Makeda; founder of the Ethiopian Solomonic dynasty who, in the Kebra Nagast, brings the Ark of the Covenant from Jerusalem to Aksum.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISL_ABU_BAKR", "Abu Bakr", null, "Islamic", "Caliph", "Islamic companion", "first Rashidun caliph; closest companion of the Prophet; first adult male convert", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, the Prophet's closest companion and father-in-law, who became the first Rightly-Guided Caliph (632-634 CE).", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISL_UMAR", "Umar ibn al-Khattab", null, "Islamic", "Caliph", "Islamic companion", "second Rashidun caliph; expansion of the state; justice and administration", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Umar ibn al-Khattab al-Faruq, the second Rightly-Guided Caliph (634-644 CE), under whom the early conquests greatly expanded, renowned for his austere justice.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISL_UTHMAN", "Uthman ibn Affan", null, "Islamic", "Caliph", "Islamic companion", "third Rashidun caliph; the standardized Quran; early convert", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rightly-Guided Caliph (644-656 CE), credited with commissioning the standardized written compilation of the Quran, and a son-in-law of the Prophet.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_ABIJAH", "Abijah (Abijam)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "Davidic continuity; war with Jeroboam I", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Rehoboam who warred against Jeroboam I and won at Mount Zemaraim, reigning three years.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_AHAB", "Ahab", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "the Baal cult; conflict with Elijah; the house of Omri", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Omri and king of Israel who, married to Jezebel, promoted the worship of Baal and was repeatedly opposed by the prophet Elijah.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_AHAZ", "Ahaz", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "apostasy; the Syro-Ephraimite crisis; Assyrian vassalage", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King of Judah condemned for idolatry who sought Assyrian protection against Aram and Israel during the Syro-Ephraimite war.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_ISRAEL", "Ahaziah (king of Israel)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "Baal worship; fatal fall", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Ahab who reigned two years, served Baal, and after falling through a lattice consulted Baal-zebub and died as Elijah foretold.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_JUDAH", "Ahaziah (king of Judah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "Omride alliance; war against Aram", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jehoram and Athaliah who reigned one year and was killed by Jehu during his revolt.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_AMAZIAH", "Amaziah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "reconquest of Edom; defeat by Israel", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Joash who defeated Edom but was beaten and captured by Jehoash of Israel and later killed in a conspiracy at Lachish.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_AMON_JUDAH", "Amon (king of Judah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "idolatry; brief reign cut short by assassination", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Manasseh who continued his father's idolatry and was assassinated by his servants after two years.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_ASA", "Asa", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "cultic reform; removal of idols; war with Baasha", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King of Judah praised for removing idols and reforming worship, who relied on an alliance with Aram against the northern kingdom.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_ATHALIAH", "Athaliah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "Queen", "Queen of Judah", "usurpation; Baalist purge of the Davidic line", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Daughter of Ahab/Jezebel who seized Judah's throne after Ahaziah's death and slaughtered the royal heirs, ruling six years until executed by Jehoiada.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_BAASHA", "Baasha", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "usurpation; war with Judah", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Founder of his own house who seized the throne by killing Nadab, warred against Asa, and was condemned by the prophet Jehu son of Hanani.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_BATHSHEBA", "Bathsheba", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "Queen", "Queen / mother of Solomon", "the royal household; mother of Solomon", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Wife of David, taken after the death of Uriah, and mother of King Solomon.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_CYRUS", "Cyrus the Great", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "Foreign king", "King of Persia", "the conqueror of Babylon; the edict of return; the Lord's anointed shepherd", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Persian king who conquered Babylon and issued the decree permitting the exiles to return and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_DAVID", "David", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of the United Monarchy", "kingship; the Davidic covenant; psalmody; warfare", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Shepherd anointed by Samuel who slew Goliath, became king over all Israel, and received the everlasting dynastic covenant.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_ELAH", "Elah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "short reign ended by coup", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Baasha who reigned two years and was murdered while drunk by his chariot commander Zimri.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_ESTHER", "Esther", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "Queen", "Queen of Persia / deliverer of the Jews", "deliverance of her people; the feast of Purim; courage", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Jewish queen of Persia who risked her life before Ahasuerus to save her people, commemorated at Purim.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_HEZEKIAH", "Hezekiah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "cultic reform; deliverance from Sennacherib; the Siloam tunnel", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Reforming king of Judah who centralized worship, withstood the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, and was granted fifteen added years of life.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_HOSHEA", "Hoshea", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "last king of Israel; the fall of Samaria", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Final northern king who killed Pekah, became an Assyrian vassal but conspired with Egypt, and was imprisoned as Samaria fell and Israel was deported in 722 BCE.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_ISRAEL", "Jehoahaz (king of Israel)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "Aramean oppression; military decline", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jehu whose reign saw Israel ground down by Hazael of Aram until only a remnant army remained.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_JUDAH", "Jehoahaz (king of Judah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "three-month reign; deposed by Egypt", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Josiah (Shallum) who reigned three months before Pharaoh Necho deposed him and carried him to Egypt, where he died.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHOASH_ISRAEL", "Jehoash (king of Israel)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "recovery against Aram; defeat of Judah", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jehoahaz (Joash) who recovered cities from Aram per Elisha's deathbed prophecy and defeated Amaziah of Judah.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHOIACHIN", "Jehoiachin (Jeconiah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "the first deportation; exile in Babylon", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jehoiakim who reigned three months before surrendering in the 597 BCE deportation, later released from prison by Evil-merodach.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHOIAKIM", "Jehoiakim", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "Egyptian then Babylonian vassalage; rebellion", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Josiah installed by Necho who became Nebuchadnezzar's vassal, rebelled, burned Jeremiah's scroll, and died as Babylon advanced.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_ISRAEL", "Jehoram (king of Israel)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "Moabite revolt; end of the house of Ahab", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Ahab (Joram) who fought Moab and Aram and was killed by Jehu during his coup, ending the Omride dynasty.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_JUDAH", "Jehoram (king of Judah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "Omride marriage alliance; apostasy", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jehoshaphat who married Athaliah, killed his brothers, lost Edom in revolt, and died of an incurable disease.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHOSHAPHAT", "Jehoshaphat", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "judicial reform; teaching of the law; alliance with Ahab", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King of Judah remembered for instituting judges and Levitical teaching and for his ill-fated alliance with Ahab of Israel.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEHU", "Jehu", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "the purge of the house of Omri; zeal against Baal", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Northern king anointed at Elisha's direction who overthrew the house of Omri, killed Jezebel, and exterminated the worship of Baal in Israel.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_I", "Jeroboam I", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "the northern secession; the golden calves of Dan and Bethel", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "First king of the breakaway northern Kingdom of Israel, who set up golden calves at Dan and Bethel and became the archetype of sinful kingship.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_II", "Jeroboam II", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "territorial restoration; prosperity; the era of Amos and Hosea", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Long-reigning northern king under whom Israel reached its greatest extent, the setting for the prophets Amos and Hosea.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JEZEBEL", "Jezebel", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "Queen", "Queen of Israel", "promotion of Baal worship; persecution of the prophets; the Naboth affair", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Phoenician wife of Ahab who promoted Baal worship, persecuted Yahweh's prophets, and engineered the death of Naboth before her own violent end.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JOASH_JUDAH", "Joash (king of Judah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "Temple repair; rescue of the Davidic line", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Hidden as an infant from Athaliah and enthroned at seven by the priest Jehoiada; repaired the Temple but later apostatized and was assassinated.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JOSIAH", "Josiah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "the great reform; the rediscovered book of the law; covenant renewal", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Reforming king of Judah who, on the discovery of the book of the law, purged idolatry and renewed the covenant before dying at Megiddo.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_JOTHAM", "Jotham", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "building projects; co-regency", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Uzziah who served as regent during his father's leprosy, built the Upper Gate of the Temple, and is judged generally righteous.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_MANASSEH", "Manasseh (king of Judah)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "idolatry and bloodshed; the longest reign; later repentance", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Longest-reigning king of Judah, condemned for grievous idolatry, whom Chronicles portrays as repenting after Assyrian captivity.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_MENAHEM", "Menahem", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "brutal consolidation; Assyrian tribute", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Gadi who seized power by killing Shallum, sacked Tiphsah, and paid tribute to Pul (Tiglath-pileser III) of Assyria.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_NADAB", "Nadab", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "short reign; end of Jeroboam's house", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jeroboam I who reigned two years before Baasha assassinated him at Gibbethon and wiped out his father's dynasty.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_NEBUCHADNEZZAR", "Nebuchadnezzar II", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "Foreign king", "King of Babylon", "the conqueror of Jerusalem; the Babylonian exile; the dream visions", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "King of Babylon who destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple and carried Judah into exile, and whose dreams and madness frame the early chapters of Daniel.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_OMRI", "Omri", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "dynastic founder; the building of Samaria", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Northern king who founded a powerful dynasty and built Samaria as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_PEKAH", "Pekah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "the Syro-Ephraimite war; Assyrian invasion", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Remaliah who killed Pekahiah, allied with Rezin of Aram against Judah, lost much land to Tiglath-pileser III, and was killed by Hoshea.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_PEKAHIAH", "Pekahiah", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "short reign ended by his captain's coup", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Menahem who reigned two years before his officer Pekah assassinated him in the citadel of Samaria.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_REHOBOAM", "Rehoboam", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Judah", "the division of the monarchy; first king of Judah; harsh counsel", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Solomon whose refusal to lighten the people's burden provoked the northern tribes to secede, leaving him king of Judah alone.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_SAUL", "Saul", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "First king of Israel", "the first monarchy; rejected kingship; war with the Philistines", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0)", 0, 0, 0, "First king of Israel from the tribe of Benjamin, anointed by Samuel, rejected for disobedience, and slain at Gilboa.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_SHALLUM_ISRAEL", "Shallum (king of Israel)", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King", "King of Israel", "one-month reign by assassination", null, "regional", null, "A", "candidate_verified_name", "Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0)", 0, 0, 0, "Son of Jabesh who killed Zechariah and reigned a single month before Menahem struck him down.", "ruler"], ["ENT_ISR_SOLOMON", "Solomon", null, "Israelite/Second Temple", "King / Wisdom figure", "Human Figure", "king; wisdom; temple; demon command; Solomonic tradition", null, null, null, "A", null, null, null, null, null, "Israelite king; son of David; builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 5-8); paradigm of divine wisdom in the Hebrew Bible (1 Kings 3:5-12; wisdom greater than all others, 1 Kings 4:30-31); traditional author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs; his reign (c. 970-930 BCE) is the peak of the United Monarchy; his foreign wives and their cults (1 Kings 11) lead to the prophetic critique of syncretism; later tradition attributes to him power over spirits and demons (Testament of Solomon, c. 1st-3rd c. 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