entity_id,canonical_name,greek_name,tradition,entity_type,category,primary_domains,tags,cult_scope,primary_period,evidence_confidence,review_status,inclusion_basis,earth_association_score,chthonic_flag,serpent_flag,short_note,entity_class
ENT_ISR_ABIJAH,Abijah (Abijam),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,Davidic continuity; war with Jeroboam I,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Rehoboam who warred against Jeroboam I and won at Mount Zemaraim, reigning three years.",ruler
ENT_ISR_AHAB,Ahab,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,the Baal cult; conflict with Elijah; the house of Omri,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Son of Omri and king of Israel who, married to Jezebel, promoted the worship of Baal and was repeatedly opposed by the prophet Elijah.",ruler
ENT_ISR_AHAZ,Ahaz,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,apostasy; the Syro-Ephraimite crisis; Assyrian vassalage,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,King of Judah condemned for idolatry who sought Assyrian protection against Aram and Israel during the Syro-Ephraimite war.,ruler
ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_ISRAEL,Ahaziah (king of Israel),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,Baal worship; fatal fall,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Ahab who reigned two years, served Baal, and after falling through a lattice consulted Baal-zebub and died as Elijah foretold.",ruler
ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_JUDAH,Ahaziah (king of Judah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,Omride alliance; war against Aram,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Jehoram and Athaliah who reigned one year and was killed by Jehu during his revolt.,ruler
ENT_ISR_AMAZIAH,Amaziah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,reconquest of Edom; defeat by Israel,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Joash who defeated Edom but was beaten and captured by Jehoash of Israel and later killed in a conspiracy at Lachish.,ruler
ENT_ISR_AMON_JUDAH,Amon (king of Judah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,idolatry; brief reign cut short by assassination,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Manasseh who continued his father's idolatry and was assassinated by his servants after two years.,ruler
ENT_ISR_ASA,Asa,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,cultic reform; removal of idols; war with Baasha,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"King of Judah praised for removing idols and reforming worship, who relied on an alliance with Aram against the northern kingdom.",ruler
ENT_ISR_ATHALIAH,Athaliah,,Israelite/Second Temple,Queen,Queen of Judah,usurpation; Baalist purge of the Davidic line,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Daughter of Ahab/Jezebel who seized Judah's throne after Ahaziah's death and slaughtered the royal heirs, ruling six years until executed by Jehoiada.",ruler
ENT_ISR_BAASHA,Baasha,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,usurpation; war with Judah,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Founder of his own house who seized the throne by killing Nadab, warred against Asa, and was condemned by the prophet Jehu son of Hanani.",ruler
ENT_ISR_BATHSHEBA,Bathsheba,,Israelite/Second Temple,Queen,Queen / mother of Solomon,the royal household; mother of Solomon,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0),0,0,0,"Wife of David, taken after the death of Uriah, and mother of King Solomon.",ruler
ENT_ISR_CYRUS,Cyrus the Great,,Israelite/Second Temple,Foreign king,King of Persia,the conqueror of Babylon; the edict of return; the Lord's anointed shepherd,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,Persian king who conquered Babylon and issued the decree permitting the exiles to return and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem.,ruler
ENT_ISR_DAVID,David,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of the United Monarchy,kingship; the Davidic covenant; psalmody; warfare,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0),0,0,0,"Shepherd anointed by Samuel who slew Goliath, became king over all Israel, and received the everlasting dynastic covenant.",ruler
ENT_ISR_ELAH,Elah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,short reign ended by coup,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Baasha who reigned two years and was murdered while drunk by his chariot commander Zimri.,ruler
ENT_ISR_ESTHER,Esther,,Israelite/Second Temple,Queen,Queen of Persia / deliverer of the Jews,deliverance of her people; the feast of Purim; courage,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0),0,0,0,"Jewish queen of Persia who risked her life before Ahasuerus to save her people, commemorated at Purim.",ruler
ENT_ISR_HEZEKIAH,Hezekiah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,cultic reform; deliverance from Sennacherib; the Siloam tunnel,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Reforming king of Judah who centralized worship, withstood the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, and was granted fifteen added years of life.",ruler
ENT_ISR_HOSHEA,Hoshea,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,last king of Israel; the fall of Samaria,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Final northern king who killed Pekah, became an Assyrian vassal but conspired with Egypt, and was imprisoned as Samaria fell and Israel was deported in 722 BCE.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_ISRAEL,Jehoahaz (king of Israel),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,Aramean oppression; military decline,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Jehu whose reign saw Israel ground down by Hazael of Aram until only a remnant army remained.,ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_JUDAH,Jehoahaz (king of Judah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,three-month reign; deposed by Egypt,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Josiah (Shallum) who reigned three months before Pharaoh Necho deposed him and carried him to Egypt, where he died.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHOASH_ISRAEL,Jehoash (king of Israel),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,recovery against Aram; defeat of Judah,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Jehoahaz (Joash) who recovered cities from Aram per Elisha's deathbed prophecy and defeated Amaziah of Judah.,ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHOIACHIN,Jehoiachin (Jeconiah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,the first deportation; exile in Babylon,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Jehoiakim who reigned three months before surrendering in the 597 BCE deportation, later released from prison by Evil-merodach.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHOIAKIM,Jehoiakim,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,Egyptian then Babylonian vassalage; rebellion,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Josiah installed by Necho who became Nebuchadnezzar's vassal, rebelled, burned Jeremiah's scroll, and died as Babylon advanced.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_ISRAEL,Jehoram (king of Israel),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,Moabite revolt; end of the house of Ahab,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Ahab (Joram) who fought Moab and Aram and was killed by Jehu during his coup, ending the Omride dynasty.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_JUDAH,Jehoram (king of Judah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,Omride marriage alliance; apostasy,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Jehoshaphat who married Athaliah, killed his brothers, lost Edom in revolt, and died of an incurable disease.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHOSHAPHAT,Jehoshaphat,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,judicial reform; teaching of the law; alliance with Ahab,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,King of Judah remembered for instituting judges and Levitical teaching and for his ill-fated alliance with Ahab of Israel.,ruler
ENT_ISR_JEHU,Jehu,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,the purge of the house of Omri; zeal against Baal,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Northern king anointed at Elisha's direction who overthrew the house of Omri, killed Jezebel, and exterminated the worship of Baal in Israel.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_I,Jeroboam I,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,the northern secession; the golden calves of Dan and Bethel,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"First king of the breakaway northern Kingdom of Israel, who set up golden calves at Dan and Bethel and became the archetype of sinful kingship.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_II,Jeroboam II,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,territorial restoration; prosperity; the era of Amos and Hosea,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Long-reigning northern king under whom Israel reached its greatest extent, the setting for the prophets Amos and Hosea.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JEZEBEL,Jezebel,,Israelite/Second Temple,Queen,Queen of Israel,promotion of Baal worship; persecution of the prophets; the Naboth affair,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Phoenician wife of Ahab who promoted Baal worship, persecuted Yahweh's prophets, and engineered the death of Naboth before her own violent end.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JOASH_JUDAH,Joash (king of Judah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,Temple repair; rescue of the Davidic line,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Hidden as an infant from Athaliah and enthroned at seven by the priest Jehoiada; repaired the Temple but later apostatized and was assassinated.,ruler
ENT_ISR_JOSIAH,Josiah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,the great reform; the rediscovered book of the law; covenant renewal,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Reforming king of Judah who, on the discovery of the book of the law, purged idolatry and renewed the covenant before dying at Megiddo.",ruler
ENT_ISR_JOTHAM,Jotham,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,building projects; co-regency,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Uzziah who served as regent during his father's leprosy, built the Upper Gate of the Temple, and is judged generally righteous.",ruler
ENT_ISR_MANASSEH,Manasseh (king of Judah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,idolatry and bloodshed; the longest reign; later repentance,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Longest-reigning king of Judah, condemned for grievous idolatry, whom Chronicles portrays as repenting after Assyrian captivity.",ruler
ENT_ISR_MENAHEM,Menahem,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,brutal consolidation; Assyrian tribute,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Gadi who seized power by killing Shallum, sacked Tiphsah, and paid tribute to Pul (Tiglath-pileser III) of Assyria.",ruler
ENT_ISR_NADAB,Nadab,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,short reign; end of Jeroboam's house,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Jeroboam I who reigned two years before Baasha assassinated him at Gibbethon and wiped out his father's dynasty.,ruler
ENT_ISR_NEBUCHADNEZZAR,Nebuchadnezzar II,,Israelite/Second Temple,Foreign king,King of Babylon,the conqueror of Jerusalem; the Babylonian exile; the dream visions,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"King of Babylon who destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple and carried Judah into exile, and whose dreams and madness frame the early chapters of Daniel.",ruler
ENT_ISR_OMRI,Omri,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,dynastic founder; the building of Samaria,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,Northern king who founded a powerful dynasty and built Samaria as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel.,ruler
ENT_ISR_PEKAH,Pekah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,the Syro-Ephraimite war; Assyrian invasion,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Remaliah who killed Pekahiah, allied with Rezin of Aram against Judah, lost much land to Tiglath-pileser III, and was killed by Hoshea.",ruler
ENT_ISR_PEKAHIAH,Pekahiah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,short reign ended by his captain's coup,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Menahem who reigned two years before his officer Pekah assassinated him in the citadel of Samaria.,ruler
ENT_ISR_REHOBOAM,Rehoboam,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,the division of the monarchy; first king of Judah; harsh counsel,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Son of Solomon whose refusal to lighten the people's burden provoked the northern tribes to secede, leaving him king of Judah alone.",ruler
ENT_ISR_SAUL,Saul,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,First king of Israel,the first monarchy; rejected kingship; war with the Philistines,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic scriptural figures (v1.70.0),0,0,0,"First king of Israel from the tribe of Benjamin, anointed by Samuel, rejected for disobedience, and slain at Gilboa.",ruler
ENT_ISR_SHALLUM_ISRAEL,Shallum (king of Israel),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,one-month reign by assassination,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,Son of Jabesh who killed Zechariah and reigned a single month before Menahem struck him down.,ruler
ENT_ISR_SOLOMON,Solomon,,Israelite/Second Temple,King / Wisdom figure,Human Figure,king; wisdom; temple; demon command; Solomonic tradition,,,,A,,,,,,"Israelite king; son of David; builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 5-8); paradigm of divine wisdom in the Hebrew Bible (1 Kings 3:5-12; wisdom greater than all others, 1 Kings 4:30-31); traditional author of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs; his reign (c. 970-930 BCE) is the peak of the United Monarchy; his foreign wives and their cults (1 Kings 11) lead to the prophetic critique of syncretism; later tradition attributes to him power over spirits and demons (Testament of Solomon, c. 1st-3rd c. CE; Islamic Sulayman who commands jinn per Quran 27:17-44) — making his name the seed of the entire Western Solomonic magic tradition",ruler
ENT_ISR_TIBNI,Tibni,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,contested kingship; civil-war rival of Omri,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Ginath supported by half of Israel against Omri in a succession struggle, but his faction was defeated and he died.",ruler
ENT_ISR_UZZIAH,Uzziah (Azariah),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,military expansion; building; the leprous king,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,Long-reigning king of Judah who expanded the kingdom but was struck with leprosy after presuming to offer incense in the Temple.,ruler
ENT_ISR_ZECHARIAH_ISRAEL,Zechariah (king of Israel),,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,six-month reign; end of the house of Jehu,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"Son of Jeroboam II who reigned six months before Shallum assassinated him, ending Jehu's dynasty in the fourth generation.",ruler
ENT_ISR_ZEDEKIAH,Zedekiah,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Judah,the last king of Judah; rebellion against Babylon; the fall of Jerusalem,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream Abrahamic backbone deepening (v1.72.0),0,0,0,"Last king of Judah, installed by Nebuchadnezzar, whose rebellion brought the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and his own blinding and exile.",ruler
ENT_ISR_ZIMRI,Zimri,,Israelite/Second Temple,King,King of Israel,seven-day reign; suicide by fire,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Mainstream backbone depth (v1.73.0),0,0,0,"A chariot officer who killed Elah and reigned only seven days before Omri besieged him, whereupon he burned the palace over himself.",ruler
ENT_STJ_ANTIOCHUS_IV,Antiochus IV Epiphanes,,Israelite/Second Temple,Foreign king,Deuterocanonical adversary,"persecution, Temple desecration",,devotional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Roster build via gen_roster.py (see CHANGELOG/git for release),0,0,0,Seleucid king (r. 175-164 BCE) whose persecution and desecration of the Temple sparked the Maccabean revolt; antagonist of 1-2 Maccabees (NRSV Apocrypha) and Josephus. Distinct from the Carpocratian Epiphanes.,ruler