entity_id,canonical_name,greek_name,tradition,entity_type,category,primary_domains,tags,cult_scope,primary_period,evidence_confidence,review_status,inclusion_basis,earth_association_score,chthonic_flag,serpent_flag,short_note,entity_class
ENT_ARAB_AL_FALS,al-Fals,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Sacred betyl,Deity,tribal patron; sanctuary; asylum,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Idol of the Tayyiʾ tribe, a reddish rock outcrop on Jabal Aja serving as a place of asylum, described in Ibn al-Kalbi.",object
ENT_ARAB_DHUL_KHALASA,Dhu'l-Khalasa,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Sacred betyl,Deity,oracle; divination; tribal sanctuary,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"White quartz betyl and oracular sanctuary (famed for divination by arrows) at Tabala in the Tihama/Asir region of southwest Arabia — the ""Yemeni/Southern Kaʿba"" by epithet, not located in Yemen proper; venerated by Daws, Khathʿam and Bajila per Ibn al-Kalbi.",object
ENT_ARAB_ISAF,Isāf,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Sacred betyl,Deity,sanctuary guardian; ritual; petrified ancestor,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Idol at the Kaʿba; in tradition a man petrified for sacrilege, paired with Nāʾila, attested in Ibn al-Kalbi at al-Safa/al-Marwa.",object
ENT_ARAB_KAABA_IDOLS,The Idols of Pre-Islamic Arabia,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Collective,Pantheon,idol cult; tribal patron deities; Arabian sanctuaries,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Collective of the betyls and idols of pre-Islamic Arabia catalogued in Ibn al-Kalbi's Kitab al-Asnam (Book of Idols). NB: the Kaʿba idols proper (Hubal, Isaf, Naʾila…) and the five antediluvian idols of Qurʾan 71:23 (Wadd, Suwaʿ, Yaghuth, Yaʿuq, Nasr, framed there as the idols of Noah's people) are distinct sets grouped here under one umbrella.",collective
ENT_ARAB_MANAF,Manāf,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Deity,Deity,tribal patron; honour; high status,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,Meccan deity whose name survives in the Quraysh name ʿAbd Manaf; listed among the gods of Mecca in Ibn al-Kalbi.,deity
ENT_ARAB_NAILA,Nāʾila,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Sacred betyl,Deity,sanctuary guardian; ritual; petrified ancestor,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Female idol at the Kaʿba, paired with Isāf as a petrified couple, attested in Ibn al-Kalbi at al-Safa/al-Marwa.",object
ENT_ARAB_NUHM,Nuhm,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Deity,Deity,tribal patron; protection,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,Deity of the Muzayna tribe whose name survives in the theophoric ʿAbd Nuhm; listed in Ibn al-Kalbi.,deity
ENT_ARAB_QUZAH,Quzaḥ,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Astral deity,Deity,storm; rainbow; weather; Muzdalifa rites,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,Storm/rainbow deity associated with the hill Quzaḥ at Muzdalifa near Mecca; Arabic qaws Quzaḥ ('Quzaḥ's bow' = rainbow) preserves his name.,spirit
ENT_ARAB_RUDA,Ruda,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Astral deity,Deity,Venus; evening star; benevolence; fortune,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,North Arabian astral deity (Venus) attested in Thamudic and Safaitic inscriptions and named in Assyrian records as 'Ruldaiu'; also in Ibn al-Kalbi.,spirit
ENT_ARAB_SAD,Saʿd,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Sacred betyl,Deity,tribal patron; fortune; good luck,,regional,,C,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"A tall rock-betyl of the Banu Milkan (Kinana) anointed with sacrificial blood, per Ibn al-Kalbi (whose anecdote has camels bolting from the blood-smeared stone); a tribal cult-stone rather than a developed deity. The ""Fortune"" association rests on the name saʿd (""good luck""), an etymology, not attested cult function.",object
ENT_ARAB_SUWA,Suwāʿ,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Deity,Deity,antediluvian idol; tribal patron,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,One of the five antediluvian idols of Qurʾan 71:23; later the idol of the Hudhayl tribe at Ruhat per Ibn al-Kalbi.,deity
ENT_ARAB_YAUQ,Yaʿūq,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Deity,Deity,antediluvian idol; tribal patron; protection,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,One of the five antediluvian idols of Qurʾan 71:23 ('the preventer/protector'); horse-formed idol of Hamdan at Khaywan in Yemen per Ibn al-Kalbi.,deity
ENT_ARA_ALLAT,Al-Lat,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,sun and fertility goddess,High Deity,sun; fertility; motherhood; war; protection; north Arabia; Herodotus Alilat,,,,A,,,,,,"Major north Arabian and Nabataean goddess; one of the three ""Daughters of Allah"" named in Quran 53:19; worshipped from the Sinai to Palmyra and throughout north Arabia; Herodotus 3.8 (c. 450 BCE) calls her ""Alilat"" and identifies her with Aphrodite Urania; her great sanctuary was at Ta'if; associated with the sun and fertility; depicted with a lion at Palmyra and Petra; an early and widespread figure in the Arabian religious landscape",deity
ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,Al-Uzza,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Venus / morning star goddess,Love Deity,Venus (morning star); love; war; protection; strength; fertility; Nabataean queenship,,,,A,,,,,,"North Arabian and Nabataean goddess; one of the three ""Daughters of Allah"" named in Quran 53:19-20; ""the most mighty"" or ""the strong one""; associated with the planet Venus (morning star) and with Aphrodite in Greek contexts; her principal sanctuary was at Nakhla between Mecca and Ta'if; also worshipped at Petra; closely related to the Canaanite/Phoenician Astarte and Mesopotamian Ishtar Venus-goddess tradition; she was the most important of the three ""Daughters"" in the Hijaz",deity
ENT_ARA_DUSHARA,Dushara,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,chief deity of the Nabataeans / sky and mountain god,High Deity,divine supremacy; mountain; sky; sun; royal patronage; fertility; Nabataean kingdom; aniconic baetyl cult,,,,A,,,,,,"Chief deity of the Nabataean kingdom (Petra; 4th c. BCE - 106 CE); ""Lord of the Mountain"" (Dhu al-Shara = ""he of the Shara mountains""); his aniconic form was a black stone (baetyl); identified with Dionysus by Greek and Roman authors, and with Zeus by others; his cult was carried throughout the Nabataean diaspora to the Hauran, Egypt, and Rome; Healey (2001) documents him as the paradigm Nabataean deity whose Dionysus identification shaped Greek understanding of Arabian religion",deity
ENT_ARA_HUBAL,Hubal,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,Chief deity / Moon god,High Deity,chief deity; moon; tribal sovereignty; Mecca; Kaaba; pre-Islamic Arabian pantheon,,,,A,,,,,,"Chief deity of the Kaaba sanctuary at Mecca before Islam; his idol (a human figure in red carnelian or gold, with a golden right hand) stood inside the Kaaba; divination by arrows was performed before him; described in Ibn al-Kalbi's Kitab al-Asnam (Book of Idols) as the supreme deity of the Quraysh tribe and of Mecca; associated by some scholars with the moon deity tradition transmitted from Mesopotamian Nanna/Sin via Levantine cultures; the deity Muhammad's grandfather Abd al-Muttalib pledged his son in a vow before",deity
ENT_ARA_MANAT,Manat,,Pre-Islamic Arabian,goddess of fate and death,Underworld Deity,fate; destiny; death; moon; time; inevitable end; tribal oaths,,,,A,,,,,,"North Arabian goddess of fate and death; one of the three ""Daughters of Allah"" named in Quran 53:20; ""the one who apportions""; her sanctuary was at al-Mushallal near Qudayd on the Red Sea coast; associated with the moon and with the inevitable destiny of death; identified with Nemesis or Tyche in Greek contexts; particularly venerated by the tribes of Aws and Khazraj (the Medinan tribes); the oldest of the three ""Daughters"" in some traditions",deity