entity_id,canonical_name,greek_name,tradition,entity_type,category,primary_domains,tags,cult_scope,primary_period,evidence_confidence,review_status,inclusion_basis,earth_association_score,chthonic_flag,serpent_flag,short_note,entity_class
ENT_SAB_ALMAQAH,Almaqah,,South Arabian,Moon deity / State god,High Deity,moon; state patron; Sabaean national deity; temple of Marib; divine sovereignty,,,,A,,,,,,"Chief deity of the Sabaean kingdom; lunar deity (the moon is the supreme deity in South Arabian religion, not the sun); patron of the capital Marib and the great Awam temple; depicted with the crescent moon and the bull's head (the bull is sacred to the moon); attested in hundreds of dedicatory inscriptions from c. 800 BCE onward; associated with irrigation, fertility, military victory, and the protection of the tribe; the most prominent South Arabian deity in the epigraphic record; also spelled Ilmuqah, Almaqah, Almaqa",deity
ENT_SAB_AMM,ʿAmm,,South Arabian,Lunar deity / Tribal deity,Nature Deity,moon; Qatabanian tribal deity; lunar cycle; ancestral divine patron,,,,A,,,,,,"Chief deity of the Qatabanian kingdom (neighboring Saba to the south); lunar deity like the Sabaean Almaqah; the name ʿAmm means ""paternal uncle"" in Arabic — the tribal patron conceived in kinship terms as the divine ""uncle"" of the tribe; worshipped at Timna (Qatabanian capital); the Qatabanian equivalent of Sabaean Almaqah; attested in Qatabanian inscriptions from c. 400 BCE onward; illustrates the pattern of each South Arabian kingdom having its own patron lunar deity",deity
ENT_SAB_ANBAY,Anbay,,South Arabian,Deity,Deity,justice; oracle; prophecy; law,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Qatabanian oracular and law-giving god, paired with Ḥawkam; 'Anbay and Ḥawkam' issue decrees in Qatabanian legal inscriptions.",deity
ENT_SAB_ATHTAR,Athtar,,South Arabian,Venus deity / War deity,War Deity,Venus; morning star; war; South Arabian astral deity; male form of Astarte tradition,,,,A,,,,,,"Pan-South-Arabian Venus deity, uniquely masculine in the South Arabian tradition; associated with the planet Venus (morning/evening star) and with war and irrigation; worshipped across all South Arabian kingdoms as part of the standard divine triad (Athtar, the tribal moon deity, and Shams the sun goddess); his name is cognate with Canaanite Astarte/Attar and Akkadian Ishtar but South Arabian tradition preserved or developed the masculine form; the Ugaritic ʿAttar (who temporarily occupies Baal's throne after Baal dies) is likely the same deity; his masculine Venus role is unique in the ancient world",deity
ENT_SAB_BASAMUM,Basamum,,South Arabian,Deity,Deity,healing,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"South-Arabian god of healing, his name connected to the balsam/aromatic plant (bsm); attested in votive cure-texts.",deity
ENT_SAB_DHAT_BADAN,Dhāt-Baʿdan,,South Arabian,Astral deity,Deity,sun; fertility,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"The second solar 'Lady' of the Sabaean pantheon, paired with Dhat-Himyam; both invoked in temple dedications such as those from the Awwam sanctuary.",spirit
ENT_SAB_DHAT_HIMYAM,Dhāt-Ḥimyam,,South Arabian,Astral deity,Deity,sun; fertility,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"One of the two solar 'Ladies' (Dhat = 'She of') of the Sabaean pantheon, a hypostasis of the sun-goddess; her cult was carried to Dʿmt-period Ethiopia.",spirit
ENT_SAB_DHAT_ZAHRAN,Dhāt-Ẓahrān,,South Arabian,Astral deity,Deity,sun,,regional,,C,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"A further solar 'Lady' epithet of the South-Arabian sun-goddess attested in dedicatory inscriptions, a localized hypostasis of Shams.",spirit
ENT_SAB_HAWBAS,Hawbas,,South Arabian,Deity,Deity,fertility; moon,,regional,,B,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Sabaean deity closely associated with Almaqah, frequently named alongside him at Awwam/Marib and in Dʿmt-period Ethiopia.",deity
ENT_SAB_NASR,Nasr,,South Arabian,Deity,Deity,protection; vulture/eagle form,,regional,,C,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,A South/West-Arabian deity ('vulture/eagle') named in Qurʾan 71:23 and attested in onomastics; venerated in the Himyaritic/Yemeni sphere.,deity
ENT_SAB_SAYIN,Sayin,,South Arabian,National deity,Deity,sun; sovereignty; protection,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"National god of the kingdom of Hadramawt (Ancient South Arabian s1yn), worshipped at the great temple in the capital Shabwa; patron of Hadramite kingship. The older transcription ""Sin"" (with epithet Hawl) wrongly assimilated him to the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin; the modern consensus reads ""Sayin"". His astral character (solar, favoured by the eagle/radiate coin iconography, vs lunar) is debated.",deity
ENT_SAB_SHAMS,Shams,,South Arabian,Sun goddess,Sun Deity,sun; South Arabian solar cult; feminine solar deity; light; cosmic order,,,,A,,,,,,"South Arabian sun goddess; in South Arabian religion the sun is female (unlike most Near Eastern traditions where the sun deity is male); part of the standard South Arabian divine triad with Athtar and the tribal lunar deity; the name Shams is the common Semitic word for sun (Hebrew shemesh, Arabic shams); her cult was widespread across South Arabia, though less prominent than the lunar deities; depicted with solar disc; the distinctively feminine South Arabian sun is one of the most culturally specific features of this tradition",deity
ENT_SAB_TALAB,Taʾlab Riyam,,South Arabian,Deity,Deity,protection; fertility; moon; tutelary,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"Tutelary god of the Sabaean tribe Banu Sumʿay, titled 'Taʾlab Riyam' after his sanctuary on the Riyam massif; many oracle and pilgrimage inscriptions record his cult.",deity
ENT_SAB_WADD,Wadd,,South Arabian,National deity,Deity,moon; love; protection; covenant,,regional,,A,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,"National god of the Minaean (Maʿin) kingdom and a pan-South-Arabian moon-deity; overwhelmingly an epigraphic deity (the ""Wd ʾb"" / ""Wadd is father"" formula on amulets, the temple at as-Sawda/Baraqish). Also named, with the other four antediluvian idols, in Qurʾan 71:23.",deity
ENT_SAB_YAGHUTH,Yagūth,,South Arabian,Deity,Deity,protection; aid in war; lion form,,regional,,C,candidate_verified_name,Early-antiquity fringe completion (v1.67.0),0,0,0,Pre-Islamic deity ('he helps') named in Qurʾan 71:23 alongside Yaʿuq and Nasr; lion-idol of Madhhij/Murad in Yemen per Ibn al-Kalbi.,deity