entities: ENT_IB_BANDUA

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entity_id canonical_name greek_name tradition entity_type category primary_domains tags cult_scope primary_period evidence_confidence review_status inclusion_basis earth_association_score chthonic_flag serpent_flag short_note entity_class
ENT_IB_BANDUA Bandua   Iberian/Lusitanian binding deity / protective war god War Deity social bonds; oaths; territorial protection; war; community solidarity       A           Bandua is the most widely attested indigenous deity of NW Hispania (Lusitania, Gallaecia, and parts of Baetica), with approximately 25 Latin votive inscriptions from a broad geographic distribution — the widest of any indigenous Iberian deity apart from Ataegina. The theonym is analyzed as PIE *bondho- or *bhand-, "bond / obligation / binding" (cognate with English "band"), suggesting a deity whose domain encompasses social bonds, oaths, tribal solidarity, and the ties that hold a community together. Inscriptions frequently invoke Bandua with geographic epithets identifying local cult centers (Bandua Araugel-, Bandua Vorode-, etc.), suggesting a tradition of localized cult forms under a common divine name — a pattern also seen in the Celtic deity Lugus. Some inscriptions pair Bandua with Mars, providing an interpretatio romana link to military/protective functions; this combined with the oath/bond etymology suggests a deity who presides over warrior oaths, military solidarity, and community defense. Confidence A: widely and consistently attested across multiple regions. Olivares Pedreño (2002) pp. 39-88; Blázquez (1962) pp. 63-100. deity

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