Entity Periods

Period assignments linking entities to the historical periods when they are attested. An entity may span multiple periods. All Greek entities are assigned; Egyptian tradition is fully covered; total coverage exceeds 70%.

Data license: MIT · Data source: jebboone/deitydb

confidence
{'description': 'high / medium / low — certainty of the period assignment'}
rationale
{'description': 'Justification with source citations'}

22 rows where period_id = "PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN"

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Link entity_id period_id confidence rationale source_id review_status
ENT_SUF_BHITTAI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai ENT_SUF_BHITTAI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Sindhi Sufi saint and poet (d.1752); his Shah Jo Risalo is the foundational classic of Sindhi mystical poetry, weaving local folk romances into allegories of the soul's longing for God. Venerated human saint with a major shrine at Bhit Shah. SRC_BHITTAI_SHAH_JO_RISALO reviewed
ENT_SUF_BULLEH_SHAH,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Bulleh Shah ENT_SUF_BULLEH_SHAH Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Punjabi Sufi saint-poet (d.1757), disciple of the Qadiri-Shattari shaykh Inayat Shah Qadiri; his Kafis are among the most beloved works of Punjabi mystical poetry, voicing ecstatic divine love and social critique. Venerated human saint. SRC_BULLEH_SHAH_KAFIS reviewed
ENT_SUF_BURSEVI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Ismail Haqqi Bursevi ENT_SUF_BURSEVI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Ottoman Jelveti (Celveti) shaykh, Qur'an commentator, and Akbari-influenced mystic of Bursa (d.1725). His Ruh al-Bayan is a vast Sufi tafsir drawing heavily on Ibn Arabi and Rumi. Venerated human saint. SRC_BURSEVI_RUH_AL_BAYAN reviewed
ENT_SUF_DAN_FODIO,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Uthman dan Fodio ENT_SUF_DAN_FODIO Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Fulani Qadiri scholar, reformer, poet, and founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in present-day Nigeria (d.1817). His jihad of reform and prolific Qadiri-Sufi writings (incl. Ihya al-Sunna) reshaped West African Islam. Venerated human; reformer-saint, not deified. SRC_DAN_FODIO_IHYA reviewed
ENT_SUF_DARQAWI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Mawlay al-Arabi al-Darqawi ENT_SUF_DARQAWI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Moroccan founder of the Darqawiyya, a revivalist branch of the Shadhili-Jazuli tradition (d.1823). His Letters (Rasa'il) are a classic of Sufi spiritual direction emphasizing poverty, sincerity, and ecstatic remembrance. Venerated human saint. SRC_DARQAWI_RASAIL reviewed
ENT_SUF_DARQAWIYYA,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Darqawiyya ENT_SUF_DARQAWIYYA Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Moroccan revivalist branch of the Shadhili-Jazuli tradition founded by Mawlay al-Arabi al-Darqawi (d.1823), marked by ascetic poverty, ecstatic dhikr, and a renewal of the master-disciple bond; influential across North Africa and into the later Shadhili-Alawi line. SRC_DARQAWI_RASAIL reviewed
ENT_SUF_GAZARGAHI_HARAZIM,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Ali Harazim al-Barada ENT_SUF_GAZARGAHI_HARAZIM Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Foremost early disciple of Ahmad al-Tijani and compiler of the Jawahir al-Ma'ani, the foundational doctrinal compendium of the Tijaniyya (fl. early 19th c.). Venerated within the order as the principal transmitter of its master's teaching. SRC_TIJANI_JAWAHIR reviewed
ENT_SUF_JAZAIRI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri ENT_SUF_JAZAIRI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Algerian Qadiri amir, scholar, and Akbari Sufi (d.1883; formed in the early-modern Qadiri milieu, leader of the Algerian resistance 1832–1847). In Damascus he edited and championed Ibn Arabi's al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya and wrote the mystical Kitab al-Mawaqif. Venerated human saint and Akbari authority. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_KARIM_KHALWATI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Mustafa al-Bakri ENT_SUF_KARIM_KHALWATI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Damascene-Egyptian Khalwati shaykh (d.1749), the great early-modern reviver of the Khalwatiyya whose disciples spread Khalwati sub-orders across Egypt and the Hijaz; a prolific author of litanies and travel works. Venerated human saint. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_KHALWATIYYA,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Khalwatiyya ENT_SUF_KHALWATIYYA Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Order named for the practice of khalwa (spiritual retreat); spread widely across the Ottoman empire and Egypt in the early-modern period, producing many revival sub-branches. A principal vehicle of Ottoman-era Sufi piety and the seven-fold dhikr of the divine names. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_MIR_DARD,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Khwaja Mir Dard ENT_SUF_MIR_DARD Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Delhi Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi shaykh and major early Urdu poet (d.1785); developed the 'Muhammadan path' (Tariqa Muhammadiyya Khalisa) within his father's reform line. Venerated human saint and mystic-poet. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_NABULSI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ENT_SUF_NABULSI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Damascene polymath, saint, and the foremost early-modern commentator on Ibn Arabi (the 'Akbari' school) (d.1731). Defended wahdat al-wujud, wrote on dream interpretation, sacred travel, and Hanafi law; affiliated with both the Qadiri and Naqshbandi lineages. Venerated human saint. SRC_NABULSI_DIWAN_HAQAIQ reviewed
ENT_SUF_NAQSHBANDI_KHALID,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Khalid al-Baghdadi ENT_SUF_NAQSHBANDI_KHALID Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Kurdish Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi master (d.1827), founder of the Khalidi sub-branch that revitalized the Naqshbandi order across the late-Ottoman world (Anatolia, the Levant, Kurdistan); stressed rabita, silent dhikr, and Shari'a-centered renewal. Venerated human saint. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_NAQSHBANDI_MUJADDIDI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi ENT_SUF_NAQSHBANDI_MUJADDIDI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Early-modern revivalist sub-branch of the Naqshbandiyya, named for Ahmad Sirhindi (the Mujaddid-i Alf-i Thani, 'Renewer of the Second Millennium'). Emphasized sober conformity to the Shari'a, silent dhikr, and rabita (bond to the shaykh); became the dominant Naqshbandi current across Mughal India, Central Asia, Ottoman lands, and beyond. Sub-branch of the existing ENT_SUF_NAQSHBANDI. SRC_SIRHINDI_MAKTUBAT reviewed
ENT_SUF_NASAFI_DARA,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Dara Shikoh ENT_SUF_NASAFI_DARA Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Mughal prince and Qadiri Sufi (d.1659), disciple of Mulla Shah Badakhshi; pursued the unity of Sufi and Vedantic mysticism, translating the Upanishads (Sirr-i Akbar) and writing Majma al-Bahrayn ('The Mingling of the Two Oceans'). A figure of veneration in the Qadiri-syncretic stream; not deified. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_NIYAZI_MISRI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Niyazi Misri ENT_SUF_NIYAZI_MISRI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Ottoman Khalwati shaykh and celebrated Turkish Sufi poet (d.1694); founder of the Misriyya branch of the Khalwatiyya. Known for ecstatic divan poetry and a turbulent career of exiles for his outspoken mysticism. Venerated human saint. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_SHAH_WALIULLAH,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Shah Waliullah of Delhi ENT_SUF_SHAH_WALIULLAH Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Delhi-based scholar, Naqshbandi-affiliated Sufi, and seminal reformer (d.1762). His Hujjat Allah al-Baligha sought to reconcile law, hadith, and Sufi metaphysics and to harmonize wahdat al-wujud with wahdat al-shuhud; a foundational influence on later South Asian Islamic thought. Venerated human; not deified. SRC_SHAH_WALIULLAH_HUJJAT reviewed
ENT_SUF_SHARANI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Abd al-Wahhab al-Sha'rani ENT_SUF_SHARANI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Egyptian Shadhili saint, jurist, and hagiographer (d.1565). His Tabaqat al-Kubra is a major early-modern compendium of saints' lives; he defended Sufism against legalist critics and harmonized the four Sunni schools. Founded an Egyptian Shadhili sub-line (Sha'rawiyya). Venerated human saint. SRC_SHARANI_TABAQAT reviewed
ENT_SUF_SIRHINDI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Ahmad Sirhindi ENT_SUF_SIRHINDI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Indian Naqshbandi master (d.1624), titled Mujaddid-i Alf-i Thani ('Renewer of the Second Millennium'); founder-figure of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi branch. His Maktubat (Collected Letters) reformulated Sufi metaphysics, advancing wahdat al-shuhud (unity of witnessing) against an unqualified reading of Ibn Arabi's wahdat al-wujud, and pressed for strict Shari'a conformity. Venerated human saint; not deified. SRC_SIRHINDI_MAKTUBAT reviewed
ENT_SUF_SULTAN_BAHU,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Sultan Bahu ENT_SUF_SULTAN_BAHU Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Punjabi Qadiri Sufi saint and poet (d.1691); founder of the Sarwari Qadiri sub-line. Famed for his Punjabi 'Abyat' couplets (each line ending 'Hu') and Persian treatises on the path. Venerated human saint. SRC_SCHIMMEL_SUFISM reviewed
ENT_SUF_TIJANI,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Ahmad al-Tijani ENT_SUF_TIJANI Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Algerian-born founder of the Tijaniyya order (d.1815), one of the most widespread tariqas of West and North Africa. Claimed a direct waking-vision authorization from the Prophet and the rank of 'seal of the Muhammadan sainthood'. Venerated human saint. SRC_TIJANI_JAWAHIR reviewed
ENT_SUF_TIJANIYYA,PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN Tijaniyya ENT_SUF_TIJANIYYA Early-Modern Sufism (Ottoman/Safavid/Mughal) PER_ISL_EARLY_MODERN high Tariqa founded by Ahmad al-Tijani (d.1815) in North Africa, claiming a direct waking-vision investiture from the Prophet Muhammad (the order's distinctive 'seal of the saints' claim). One of the largest Sufi orders of West and North Africa, with its own litanies (the Wazifa and Salat al-Fatih). SRC_TIJANI_JAWAHIR reviewed

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CREATE TABLE "entity_periods" (
   [entity_id] TEXT REFERENCES [entities]([entity_id]),
   [period_id] TEXT REFERENCES [periods]([period_id]),
   [confidence] TEXT,
   [rationale] TEXT,
   [source_id] TEXT,
   [review_status] TEXT,
   PRIMARY KEY ([entity_id], [period_id])
);
CREATE INDEX [idx_entity_periods_period_id]
    ON [entity_periods] ([period_id]);
CREATE INDEX [idx_entity_periods_entity_id]
    ON [entity_periods] ([entity_id]);