Entity Periods

Period assignments linking entities to the historical periods when they are attested. An entity may span multiple periods. All Greek entities are assigned; Egyptian tradition is fully covered; total coverage exceeds 70%.

Data license: MIT · Data source: jebboone/deitydb

confidence
{'description': 'high / medium / low — certainty of the period assignment'}
rationale
{'description': 'Justification with source citations'}

112 rows where period_id = "PER_ISR_IRON_AGE"

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Link entity_id period_id confidence rationale source_id review_status
ENT_CAN_DAGON,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Dagon ENT_CAN_DAGON Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Philistine Dagon attested at Ashdod and Gaza: Judges 16:23, 1 Samuel 5; Iron Age continuity SRC_DDD_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_CAN_RESHEPH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Resheph ENT_CAN_RESHEPH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE medium Resheph as personified pestilence in Hebrew Bible: Habakkuk 3:5 (7th c. BCE); Deuteronomy 32:24 SRC_DDD_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AARON,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Aaron ENT_ISR_AARON Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Brother of Moses and Miriam, spokesman before Pharaoh, and the first high priest of Israel. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ABEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Abel ENT_ISR_ABEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Second son of Adam and Eve, a keeper of sheep whose offering was favored and who was slain by his brother Cain. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ABIJAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Abijah (Abijam) ENT_ISR_ABIJAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Rehoboam who warred against Jeroboam I and won at Mount Zemaraim, reigning three years. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ABRAHAM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Abraham ENT_ISR_ABRAHAM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high First of the patriarchs, called from Ur, recipient of the covenant, father of Ishmael by Hagar and Isaac by Sarah. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ABSALOM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Absalom ENT_ISR_ABSALOM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Handsome son of David who rose in rebellion to seize the throne and was killed by Joab after his hair caught in an oak. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ADAM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Adam ENT_ISR_ADAM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The J source creation narrative (Genesis 2-3) dates to c. 900-850 BCE; the P source (Genesis 1) to c. 550-450 BCE; Adam is foundational to both Iron Age Yahwistic and Exilic priestly traditions SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AHAB,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Ahab ENT_ISR_AHAB Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Omri and king of Israel who, married to Jezebel, promoted the worship of Baal and was repeatedly opposed by the prophet Elijah. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AHAZ,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Ahaz ENT_ISR_AHAZ Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high King of Judah condemned for idolatry who sought Assyrian protection against Aram and Israel during the Syro-Ephraimite war. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_ISRAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Ahaziah (king of Israel) ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_ISRAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Ahab who reigned two years, served Baal, and after falling through a lattice consulted Baal-zebub and died as Elijah foretold. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Ahaziah (king of Judah) ENT_ISR_AHAZIAH_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jehoram and Athaliah who reigned one year and was killed by Jehu during his revolt. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AMAZIAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Amaziah ENT_ISR_AMAZIAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Joash who defeated Edom but was beaten and captured by Jehoash of Israel and later killed in a conspiracy at Lachish. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AMON_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Amon (king of Judah) ENT_ISR_AMON_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Manasseh who continued his father's idolatry and was assassinated by his servants after two years. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_AMOS,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Amos ENT_ISR_AMOS Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A mid-8th-century BCE Judahite shepherd who prophesied against the northern kingdom, condemning injustice and empty worship. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ASA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Asa ENT_ISR_ASA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high King of Judah praised for removing idols and reforming worship, who relied on an alliance with Aram against the northern kingdom. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ATHALIAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Athaliah ENT_ISR_ATHALIAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Daughter of Ahab/Jezebel who seized Judah's throne after Ahaziah's death and slaughtered the royal heirs, ruling six years until executed by Jehoiada. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_BAASHA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Baasha ENT_ISR_BAASHA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Founder of his own house who seized the throne by killing Nadab, warred against Asa, and was condemned by the prophet Jehu son of Hanani. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_BALAAM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Balaam ENT_ISR_BALAAM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Mesopotamian seer hired by Balak of Moab to curse Israel who, restrained by Yahweh and his speaking donkey, blessed them instead. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_BATHSHEBA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Bathsheba ENT_ISR_BATHSHEBA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Wife of David, taken after the death of Uriah, and mother of King Solomon. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_BENJAMIN,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Benjamin ENT_ISR_BENJAMIN Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Youngest son of Jacob and Rachel, born at her death, ancestor of the tribe of Benjamin and of King Saul. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_BOAZ,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Boaz ENT_ISR_BOAZ Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Wealthy Bethlehemite who acted as kinsman-redeemer, married Ruth, and became the great-grandfather of King David. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_CAIN,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Cain ENT_ISR_CAIN Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Firstborn son of Adam and Eve, a tiller of the ground who murdered his brother Abel and was marked and exiled. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_CALEB,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Caleb ENT_ISR_CALEB Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high One of the twelve spies who, with Joshua, trusted in Yahweh and was rewarded with the inheritance of Hebron. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_DAVID,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE David ENT_ISR_DAVID Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Shepherd anointed by Samuel who slew Goliath, became king over all Israel, and received the everlasting dynastic covenant. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_DEBORAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Deborah ENT_ISR_DEBORAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Prophetess and judge who summoned Barak and celebrated the defeat of Sisera in the Song of Deborah. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_DELILAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Delilah ENT_ISR_DELILAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Woman of the Valley of Sorek who, bribed by the Philistine lords, coaxed from Samson the secret of his strength and betrayed him. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ELAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Elah ENT_ISR_ELAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Baasha who reigned two years and was murdered while drunk by his chariot commander Zimri. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ELIJAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Elijah ENT_ISR_ELIJAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Elijah is active during Ahab (c. 869-850 BCE) and Ahaziah (c. 850-849 BCE) in the northern kingdom; 1-2 Kings are among the oldest narrative prose traditions in the Hebrew Bible SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ELISHA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Elisha ENT_ISR_ELISHA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A 9th-century BCE prophet of the northern kingdom who succeeded Elijah, receiving a double portion of his spirit and performing many miracles. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_EVE,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Eve ENT_ISR_EVE Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Formed as the first woman and 'mother of all living,' she eats the forbidden fruit and bears Cain, Abel, and Seth. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_GIDEON,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Gideon ENT_ISR_GIDEON Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Judge who, with three hundred men, delivered Israel from the Midianites after testing Yahweh with the fleece. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_GOLIATH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Goliath ENT_ISR_GOLIATH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Philistine giant of Gath whose challenge to Israel was answered and ended by the young David with a sling and stone. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_HABAKKUK,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Habakkuk ENT_ISR_HABAKKUK Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A late 7th-century BCE prophet who questioned God about the Babylonian threat and concluded that the righteous shall live by their faith. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_HAGAR,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Hagar ENT_ISR_HAGAR Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Egyptian servant of Sarah who bore Abraham's son Ishmael and was met by the angel of Yahweh in the wilderness. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_HEZEKIAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Hezekiah ENT_ISR_HEZEKIAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Reforming king of Judah who centralized worship, withstood the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, and was granted fifteen added years of life. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_HOSEA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Hosea ENT_ISR_HOSEA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high An 8th-century BCE prophet to the northern kingdom whose troubled marriage dramatizes Israel's faithlessness and God's enduring covenant love. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_HOSHEA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Hoshea ENT_ISR_HOSHEA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Final northern king who killed Pekah, became an Assyrian vassal but conspired with Egypt, and was imprisoned as Samaria fell and Israel was deported in 722 BCE. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ISAAC,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Isaac ENT_ISR_ISAAC Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Abraham and Sarah, bound on Mount Moriah, husband of Rebecca, and father of Esau and Jacob. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ISAIAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Isaiah ENT_ISR_ISAIAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high An 8th-century BCE Judahite prophet whose oracles warn of judgment yet promise a remnant, a Davidic messiah, and a restored Zion. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_ISHMAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Ishmael ENT_ISR_ISHMAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Firstborn son of Abraham by Hagar, ancestor of twelve princes, who dwelt in the wilderness of Paran. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JACOB,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jacob (Israel) ENT_ISR_JACOB Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Isaac and Rebecca, renamed Israel after wrestling at Peniel, father of the twelve sons who became the tribes of Israel. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_ISRAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoahaz (king of Israel) ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_ISRAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jehu whose reign saw Israel ground down by Hazael of Aram until only a remnant army remained. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoahaz (king of Judah) ENT_ISR_JEHOAHAZ_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Josiah (Shallum) who reigned three months before Pharaoh Necho deposed him and carried him to Egypt, where he died. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHOASH_ISRAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoash (king of Israel) ENT_ISR_JEHOASH_ISRAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jehoahaz (Joash) who recovered cities from Aram per Elisha's deathbed prophecy and defeated Amaziah of Judah. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHOIACHIN,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoiachin (Jeconiah) ENT_ISR_JEHOIACHIN Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jehoiakim who reigned three months before surrendering in the 597 BCE deportation, later released from prison by Evil-merodach. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHOIAKIM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoiakim ENT_ISR_JEHOIAKIM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Josiah installed by Necho who became Nebuchadnezzar's vassal, rebelled, burned Jeremiah's scroll, and died as Babylon advanced. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_ISRAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoram (king of Israel) ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_ISRAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Ahab (Joram) who fought Moab and Aram and was killed by Jehu during his coup, ending the Omride dynasty. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoram (king of Judah) ENT_ISR_JEHORAM_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jehoshaphat who married Athaliah, killed his brothers, lost Edom in revolt, and died of an incurable disease. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHOSHAPHAT,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehoshaphat ENT_ISR_JEHOSHAPHAT Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high King of Judah remembered for instituting judges and Levitical teaching and for his ill-fated alliance with Ahab of Israel. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEHU,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jehu ENT_ISR_JEHU Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Northern king anointed at Elisha's direction who overthrew the house of Omri, killed Jezebel, and exterminated the worship of Baal in Israel. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_I,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jeroboam I ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_I Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high First king of the breakaway northern Kingdom of Israel, who set up golden calves at Dan and Bethel and became the archetype of sinful kingship. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_II,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jeroboam II ENT_ISR_JEROBOAM_II Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Long-reigning northern king under whom Israel reached its greatest extent, the setting for the prophets Amos and Hosea. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JEZEBEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jezebel ENT_ISR_JEZEBEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Phoenician wife of Ahab who promoted Baal worship, persecuted Yahweh's prophets, and engineered the death of Naboth before her own violent end. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOASH_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Joash (king of Judah) ENT_ISR_JOASH_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Hidden as an infant from Athaliah and enthroned at seven by the priest Jehoiada; repaired the Temple but later apostatized and was assassinated. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOB,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Job ENT_ISR_JOB Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A blameless man of Uz whose endurance of catastrophic suffering frames the book's debate on divine justice. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Joel ENT_ISR_JOEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A prophet of Judah who reads a devastating locust plague as a sign of the coming Day of the Lord and promises an outpouring of God's Spirit. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JONAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jonah ENT_ISR_JONAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A reluctant prophet, swallowed by a great fish, whose mission to Nineveh reveals God's compassion even toward Israel's enemies. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JONATHAN,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jonathan (son of Saul) ENT_ISR_JONATHAN Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Eldest son of Saul, a brave warrior bound to David in covenant friendship, who fell with his father at the battle of Mount Gilboa. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOSEPH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Joseph (son of Jacob) ENT_ISR_JOSEPH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Favored son of Jacob and Rachel, sold into Egypt, who rose to vizier and preserved his family during famine. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOSHUA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Joshua ENT_ISR_JOSHUA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Successor of Moses who led Israel across the Jordan and in the conquest of Canaan, dividing the land among the tribes. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOSIAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Josiah ENT_ISR_JOSIAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Reforming king of Judah who, on the discovery of the book of the law, purged idolatry and renewed the covenant before dying at Megiddo. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JOTHAM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Jotham ENT_ISR_JOTHAM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Uzziah who served as regent during his father's leprosy, built the Upper Gate of the Temple, and is judged generally righteous. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Judah ENT_ISR_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Fourth son of Jacob and Leah and ancestor of the royal Davidic line, blessed that the scepter would not depart. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_JUDGES,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Judges of Israel ENT_ISR_JUDGES Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The charismatic deliverers who led the tribes of Israel in the period before the monarchy. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_KINGS,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Kings of the United Monarchy ENT_ISR_KINGS Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The three successive kings of the united Israelite kingdom — Saul, David, and Solomon — before its division. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_KINGS_ISRAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel ENT_ISR_KINGS_ISRAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The succession of kings, across several dynasties, who ruled the breakaway northern Kingdom of Israel until its fall to Assyria. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_KINGS_JUDAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Kings of the Kingdom of Judah ENT_ISR_KINGS_JUDAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The succession of Davidic kings who ruled the southern Kingdom of Judah from the division of the monarchy until the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_LATTER_PROPHETS,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Latter Prophets (Nevi'im Aharonim) ENT_ISR_LATTER_PROPHETS Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The prophetic canon division comprising the three Major Prophets and the Book of the Twelve, spanning the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian periods. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_LEAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Leah ENT_ISR_LEAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high First wife of Jacob and mother of six of his sons, including Levi and Judah, ancestors of priesthood and kingship. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_LEVI,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Levi ENT_ISR_LEVI Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Third son of Jacob and Leah and ancestor of the priestly tribe of Levi, including Moses and Aaron. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_LOT,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Lot ENT_ISR_LOT Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Nephew of Abraham (son of Haran) who settled in Sodom and was delivered from its destruction (Genesis 13, 19). SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_MANASSEH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Manasseh (king of Judah) ENT_ISR_MANASSEH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Longest-reigning king of Judah, condemned for grievous idolatry, whom Chronicles portrays as repenting after Assyrian captivity. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_MATRIARCHS,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Matriarchs (Imahot) ENT_ISR_MATRIARCHS Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The four foremothers of Israel — Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah — mothers of the covenant line. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_MENAHEM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Menahem ENT_ISR_MENAHEM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Gadi who seized power by killing Shallum, sacked Tiphsah, and paid tribute to Pul (Tiglath-pileser III) of Assyria. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_MICAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Micah ENT_ISR_MICAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high An 8th-century BCE contemporary of Isaiah who called Israel to do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly with God. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_MIRIAM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Miriam ENT_ISR_MIRIAM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Sister of Moses and Aaron, called a prophetess, who led the women in song after the crossing of the sea. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_MOSES,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Moses ENT_ISR_MOSES Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The written Torah traditions (J/E sources c. 900-750 BCE; D source c. 620 BCE; P source c. 550-450 BCE) are Iron Age and Exilic compositions; Moses as a figure is set in the Late Bronze Age / Iron Age transition but exists textually in Iron Age sources SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_NAAMAN,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Naaman ENT_ISR_NAAMAN Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Commander of the army of Aram, cured of leprosy by washing seven times in the Jordan at the word of the prophet Elisha. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_NADAB,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Nadab ENT_ISR_NADAB Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jeroboam I who reigned two years before Baasha assassinated him at Gibbethon and wiped out his father's dynasty. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_NAHUM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Nahum ENT_ISR_NAHUM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A 7th-century BCE prophet who proclaimed the impending fall of Nineveh as God's judgment on a cruel empire. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_NAOMI,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Naomi ENT_ISR_NAOMI Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Bethlehemite widow who returned from Moab with her daughter-in-law Ruth and was restored through the birth of Obed, ancestor of David. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_NATHAN,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Nathan ENT_ISR_NATHAN Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A 10th-century BCE court prophet under King David who delivered the Davidic covenant promise and rebuked David over Bathsheba and Uriah. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_NOAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Noah ENT_ISR_NOAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE medium The J source (c. 900-850 BCE) flood narrative reaches written form in the Iron Age; the earlier oral tradition is pre-Iron Age but not recoverable SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_OMRI,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Omri ENT_ISR_OMRI Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Northern king who founded a powerful dynasty and built Samaria as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_PATRIARCHS,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Patriarchs (Avot) ENT_ISR_PATRIARCHS Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high The three forefathers of Israel — Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob — invoked together as the recipients of the covenant. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_PEKAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Pekah ENT_ISR_PEKAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Remaliah who killed Pekahiah, allied with Rezin of Aram against Judah, lost much land to Tiglath-pileser III, and was killed by Hoshea. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_PEKAHIAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Pekahiah ENT_ISR_PEKAHIAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Menahem who reigned two years before his officer Pekah assassinated him in the citadel of Samaria. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_RACHEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Rachel ENT_ISR_RACHEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Beloved wife of Jacob, mother of Joseph and Benjamin, who died in childbirth near Bethlehem. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_REBECCA,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Rebecca ENT_ISR_REBECCA Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Wife of Isaac, found at the well, mother of twins Esau and Jacob whom she helped secure the blessing. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_REHOBOAM,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Rehoboam ENT_ISR_REHOBOAM Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Solomon whose refusal to lighten the people's burden provoked the northern tribes to secede, leaving him king of Judah alone. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_RUTH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Ruth ENT_ISR_RUTH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Moabite widow whose loyalty to Naomi led to her marriage to Boaz, making her great-grandmother of King David. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_SAMSON,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Samson ENT_ISR_SAMSON Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Nazirite judge of immense strength who fought the Philistines and died bringing down their temple at Gaza. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_SAMUEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Samuel ENT_ISR_SAMUEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Last judge and a prophet who anointed both Saul and David as kings of Israel. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_SARAH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Sarah ENT_ISR_SARAH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Wife of Abraham and first matriarch, who bore Isaac in old age after the promise of a son. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_SAUL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Saul ENT_ISR_SAUL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high First king of Israel from the tribe of Benjamin, anointed by Samuel, rejected for disobedience, and slain at Gilboa. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_SETH,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Seth ENT_ISR_SETH Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Third son of Adam and Eve, given in place of slain Abel, through whose line Enosh, Enoch, and Noah descend. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_SHALLUM_ISRAEL,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Shallum (king of Israel) ENT_ISR_SHALLUM_ISRAEL Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Jabesh who killed Zechariah and reigned a single month before Menahem struck him down. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_TIBNI,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE Tibni ENT_ISR_TIBNI Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high Son of Ginath supported by half of Israel against Omri in a succession struggle, but his faction was defeated and he died. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed
ENT_ISR_TWELVE_PROPHETS,PER_ISR_IRON_AGE The Twelve Minor Prophets (Trei Asar) ENT_ISR_TWELVE_PROPHETS Iron Age Israelite PER_ISR_IRON_AGE high A single scroll in the Hebrew canon gathering twelve shorter prophetic books from the 8th century BCE to the post-exilic restoration. SRC_HEBREW_BIBLE reviewed

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CREATE TABLE "entity_periods" (
   [entity_id] TEXT REFERENCES [entities]([entity_id]),
   [period_id] TEXT REFERENCES [periods]([period_id]),
   [confidence] TEXT,
   [rationale] TEXT,
   [source_id] TEXT,
   [review_status] TEXT,
   PRIMARY KEY ([entity_id], [period_id])
);
CREATE INDEX [idx_entity_periods_period_id]
    ON [entity_periods] ([period_id]);
CREATE INDEX [idx_entity_periods_entity_id]
    ON [entity_periods] ([entity_id]);