relationship_id,subject_entity_id,relationship_type,object_entity_id,confidence,rationale,source_id,review_status,period_id
1518,ENT_CAN_ASTARTE,received_as,ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,medium,Al-Uzza is the north Arabian continuation of the Semitic love/Venus goddess tradition that runs from Mesopotamian Inanna/Ishtar through Canaanite Astarte. The common elements are: (1) association with the planet Venus as the morning/evening star; (2) love and war function (Al-Uzza is invoked for protection in battle as well as for love); (3) association with sacred trees (Al-Uzza's sanctuary at Nakhla included sacred trees). The Nabataean Al-Uzza is sometimes depicted with the Aphrodite iconography that derives from Astarte. The transmission is most plausible through Phoenician-Arabian contact and the common Semitic religious substrate. Confidence medium: functional and iconographic parallels are strong; direct textual documentation of the Astarte→Al-Uzza transmission is limited.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC
1519,ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,reception_of,ENT_CAN_ASTARTE,medium,Al-Uzza as the north Arabian reception of the Semitic love/Venus goddess tradition flowing from Canaanite Astarte; Venus identification and war/love duality are the shared functional core.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC
1521,ENT_ATHENA,reception_of,ENT_ARA_ALLAT,medium,Athena as the Greek identification for the north Arabian Al-Lat; Palmyrene inscriptions explicitly equate the two; warrior-wisdom function is the primary basis.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1523,ENT_APHRODITE,reception_of,ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,medium,Aphrodite as the Greek identification for Al-Uzza via the Venus/morning star tradition; one of several Arabian→Greek connections through Nabataean-Hellenistic contact.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1524,ENT_ARA_MANAT,received_as,ENT_NEMESIS,low,"Manat (from Arabic mana, ""to apportion"" or ""fate"") presides over the apportionment of destiny and death; she is associated with the moon and with the inevitable fate that awaits all human beings. Nemesis (Greek goddess of retribution and the apportionment of fortune/fate) shares the function of inevitable, apportioned fate. The Nabataean Manat was identified with Greek fate/retribution deities in the Hellenistic period; at Madain Salih (Hegra) inscriptions attest her alongside Dushara. Confidence low: the functional parallel is reasonable but no explicit ancient identification of Manat with Nemesis (as opposed to Tyche or another fate deity) is documented in surviving texts.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1525,ENT_NEMESIS,reception_of,ENT_ARA_MANAT,low,Nemesis as a possible Greek identification for the Arabian fate-goddess Manat; both preside over inevitable destiny and death.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1527,ENT_DIONYSUS,reception_of,ENT_ARA_DUSHARA,medium,Dionysus as the Greek identification for the Nabataean Dushara; Epiphanius (Panarion 51.22) makes the identification explicit; wine-vine association and mountain cult are the functional basis.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
2398,ENT_ARA_DUSHARA,aligned_with,ENT_ZEUS,medium,"Dushara was identified by Greek and Roman authors with both Dionysus (his primary Greek equation, reflected in the existing received_as relationship) and Zeus/Jupiter as the supreme deity of the Arabs. Epiphanius of Salamis (Panarion 51.22, c. 375 CE) refers to the cult of ""Dusares"" as the ""lord of all"" in terms parallel to Zeus. Nabataean bilingual inscriptions from the Hauran and from Puteoli (Italy, where a Nabataean merchant community established a Dushara temple) sometimes render his epithet in terms that parallel Zeus's sovereignty function. The dual Dionysus/Zeus identification reflects Dushara's complex divine profile — he was both a vegetation/wine deity (Dionysus aspect) and a sky/supreme deity (Zeus aspect), consistent with a chief deity who combines cosmic sovereignty with chthonic fertility power. Confidence medium: the Zeus alignment is secondary to the Dionysus equation in most ancient sources, and reflects interpretive variation rather than a single explicit primary-text equation. Healey (2001) pp. 95-100.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC
4286,ENT_ARA_DUSHARA,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,"Dushara is the supreme dynastic god of the Nabataeans, attested at Petra, Bostra and Hegra.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4287,ENT_ARA_ALLAT,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,"Allat is a leading Nabataean goddess, attested at Iram and across the Hawran.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4288,ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,Al-Uzza is the principal goddess at Petra (Temple of the Winged Lions).,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4289,ENT_ARA_MANAT,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,"Manat, as Manotu, is invoked in Nabataean tomb inscriptions at Hegra.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4290,ENT_ARA_HUBAL,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,medium,Hubal is named with Dushara and Manotu in the Hegra tomb-curse inscriptions.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4291,ENT_ARA_DUSHARA,equated_with,ENT_DIONYSUS,high,Greek/Roman sources identify Dushara with Dionysus (interpretatio graeca).,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4293,ENT_ARA_ALLAT,equated_with,ENT_ATHENA,high,Allat is identified with armed Athena at Palmyra and Petra.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4294,ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,equated_with,ENT_APHRODITE,high,Al-Uzza is equated with Aphrodite in Greek identifications.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4295,ENT_NAB_SHAI_AL_QAUM,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,Nabataean tutelary god attested in dedications at Palmyra.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4296,ENT_NAB_SHAI_AL_QAUM,presides_over,ENT_PROTECTION,high,Protector of the qaum (people/caravan) and of warriors.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4297,ENT_NAB_SHAI_AL_QAUM,guardian_of,ENT_WEALTH,medium,As caravan god he guards the trading companies underpinning Nabataean commerce.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4298,ENT_NAB_ARA,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,Aʿra is the tutelary god of Bostra.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4299,ENT_NAB_ARA,aligned_with,ENT_ARA_DUSHARA,high,"Aʿra is closely identified with Dushara, titled the god 'in Bostra'.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4300,ENT_NAB_ARA,presides_over,ENT_SOVEREIGNTY,medium,City-god of the Nabataean royal seat at Bostra.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4301,ENT_NAB_AL_KUTBA,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,"Attested at Petra, Hegra and Sinai.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4303,ENT_NAB_AL_KUTBA,aligned_with,ENT_HERMES,high,"Nabataean scribe-and-commerce god, counterpart of Hermes/Nabu.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4304,ENT_NAB_MANOTU,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,Invoked in the Hegra tomb inscriptions.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4305,ENT_NAB_MANOTU,aligned_with,ENT_ARA_MANAT,high,The Hegran cult-form of the Arabian fate-goddess Manat.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4306,ENT_NAB_MANOTU,presides_over,ENT_DEATH,high,Fate-and-death goddess invoked to protect tombs and curse violators at Hegra.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4307,ENT_NAB_MANOTU,presides_over,ENT_FORTUNE,medium,As Manat 'the apportioner' she governs allotted fate.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4308,ENT_NAB_AL_UZZA_PETRA,member_of,ENT_NAB_PANTHEON,high,Chief goddess of Petra.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4309,ENT_NAB_AL_UZZA_PETRA,aligned_with,ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,high,Local Petra cult-form of the Arabian goddess al-Uzza.,SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4457,ENT_NAB_AL_KUTBA,presides_over,ENT_WRITING,high,"al-Kutbaʾ (root k-t-b ""to write"") is the Nabataean god of writing and scribes/records.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,
4458,ENT_NAB_AL_UZZA_PETRA,embodies,ENT_VENUS,high,"al-ʿUzza is the Venus/morning-star goddess of the Nabataeans, identified with Aphrodite.",SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION,reviewed,