entity_id,source_id,evidence_type,source_note
ENT_ARA_ALLAT,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus 3.8: ""Alilat"" named as the Arabic name for Aphrodite Urania"
ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 3.8: ""The Arabians call Aphrodite Ourania Alilat"" — Alilat is identified with both Al-Lat and Al-Uzza in Arabian tradition; this is the earliest surviving Greek reference to a named Arabian goddess; the Aphrodite Ourania equation establishes her as a Venus-type celestial deity"
ENT_BENDIS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus 5.7: the three Thracian gods include Artemis — scholarship identifies this with Bendis in the Athenian reception context. Herodotus writing c. 430 BCE, contemporary with the Bendideia decree."
ENT_DAC_DERZELAS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus Hist. IV.93-96 provides the Getae/Thracian religious context (Zalmoxis, immortality beliefs) within which Derzelas's regional cult develops. Not a direct source for Derzelas but establishes the Dacian-Thracian religious matrix."
ENT_DIONYSUS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.49, 2.144, 2.156: Herodotus traces Dionysus's origins to Egypt (= Osiris) and claims Melampus introduced the Dionysiac rites to Greece from Egypt; he also names Dionysus as much more ancient than Greek genealogy allows; a critical early text for Dionysus's oriental connections"
ENT_EGY_AMUN,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.42: ""Those [Egyptians] who dwell near Thebes sacrifice no sheep but goats... they honor Zeus [= Amun]"" — Herodotus explicitly identifies the Theban Amun with Zeus; the oracle of Zeus Ammon in Libya is the Hellenized form of the Siwa Amun oracle; 2.42 and throughout"
ENT_EGY_HORUS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.144: Horus is equated with Apollo (""the Egyptians say that Ares and Apollo ... in Egyptian they call Ares Onuris [= Anhur], and Apollo Horus""); the Horus=Apollo identification, while less prominent than Osiris=Dionysus, is made explicit by Herodotus"
ENT_EGY_ISIS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.41, 2.59: ""Isis in the Greek tongue is Demeter""; Herodotus identifies Isis with Demeter at the festival of Bubastis (2.59) and through the grain/agriculture connection; the primary ancient Greek text for the Isis=Demeter equation"
ENT_EGY_OSIRIS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.42, 2.144: Osiris is explicitly equated with Dionysus; Herodotus says ""the Egyptians celebrate a feast to Dionysus [Osiris]"" and links the myth of Dionysus's death and resurrection to Osiris; the oldest surviving Greek text making this equation"
ENT_EGY_THOTH,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.52: Herodotus states the Egyptians gave names to the gods that the Greeks then adopted; the equation of Thoth with Hermes (""Hermes they derive from Egypt"") underlies the later Hermes Trismegistus tradition; the primary ancient source for this equation"
ENT_HERACLES,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.44: Herodotus explicitly distinguishes the Greek Heracles from the Phoenician Melqart; he claims to have visited the ancient temple of Heracles at Tyre (two sacred pillars, one gold, one emerald); 2.145: Heracles is placed in a much earlier genealogical stratum than the Greek tradition allows, establishing him as a universal ancient hero"
ENT_IACCHUS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus 8.65: the Eleusinian ""Iakchos"" procession-cry; cf. Orphic Hymn 42."
ENT_PHO_MELQART,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,Herodotus 2.44: description of the Tyrian Heracles (Melqart) sanctuary and two pillars
ENT_SABAZIOS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus 5.7: the three Thracian gods described as Ares, Dionysus, and Artemis. Scholarship identifies the Dionysian/ecstatic figure in this triad with Sabazios. Not named directly, but key for Thracian divine typology."
ENT_SCYTH_API,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: ""Earth Api"" — paired with Papaeus as sky-earth divine couple."
ENT_SCYTH_ARTIMPASA,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,Herodotus Histories 4.59.2 (named Artimpasa = Aphrodite Urania); 4.67 (Enarees — transvestite priests serving her). Two separate attestation contexts.
ENT_SCYTH_OETOSYRUS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: ""Apollo Oetosyrus"" — Scythian sun god identified with Apollo."
ENT_SCYTH_PAPAEUS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: ""Zeus (very rightly in my judgment) Papaeus; Earth Api"" — Herodotus notes the cosmological pair explicitly."
ENT_SCYTH_SWORD_ARES,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,Herodotus Histories 4.59.3 and 4.62: the sword-Ares cult described in detail — the only Scythian deity with a constructed altar; annual festival; human and equine sacrifice; wine poured over victims' heads.
ENT_SCYTH_TABITI,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: ""Hestia they call Tabiti; the Scythians worship Hestia above all gods."" Primary and only ancient source naming Tabiti."
ENT_SCYTH_THAGIMASADAS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: ""Poseidon Thagimasadas"" — worshipped only by Royal Scythians; Herodotus's explicit note about this restriction is significant."
ENT_SYN_ZEUS_AMMON,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 2.42, 3.26: Herodotus describes the oracle of Zeus Ammon (= Amun) at the Siwa oasis in Libya; the oracle that Cambyses' army tried to reach; the primary ancient source establishing Zeus Ammon as a widely recognized cross-cultural deity"
ENT_THRA_GEBELEIZIS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus 4.94: sole ancient attestation — the Getae shoot arrows at the sky to threaten Gebeleizis during thunderstorms, believing no god exists but their own. Immediately precedes the Zalmoxis account."
ENT_THRA_ZALMOXIS,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Herodotus 4.94-96: the longest ancient account of Zalmoxis — the Getae belief in immortality, the four-year messenger ritual, and the Greek rationalist alternative of Zalmoxis as former slave of Pythagoras. Primary and most detailed attestation; Herodotus himself is sceptical of the Greek version."
ENT_ZOR_AHURA_MAZDA,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,direct attestation,"Histories 1.131: ""The Persians have no images of the gods, no temples nor altars, and consider their use a sign of folly... Their wont is to ascend the summits of the loftiest mountains, and there to offer sacrifice to Jove [= Ahura Mazda], which is the name they give to the whole circuit of the firmament""; the earliest surviving Greek account of the Persian deity identified as the sky"
ENT_ZOR_ANAHITA,SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES,scholarly attestation,"Histories 1.131: Herodotus notes the Persians sacrifice to ""Aphrodite Ourania"" — this is almost certainly the Persian Anahita in Greek interpretatio; later confirmed by Artaxerxes II inscriptions; Herodotus is the earliest Greek source linking Persian religion to an Aphrodite-type figure"