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Entity Sources

2,936 links between entities and the sources that attest them, with evidence type and passage-level notes. The primary evidence layer: every entity classification traces to at least one record here.

Data license: MIT · Data source: jebboone/deitydb

evidence_type
{'description': 'e.g. Direct attestation, Secondary analysis, Epigraphic, Numismatic'}
source_note
{'description': 'Specific passage citations and notes on how this source attests the entity'}

28 rows where source_id = "SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA"

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Link entity_id source_id evidence_type source_note
ENT_ARAB_AL_FALS,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation al-Fals ENT_ARAB_AL_FALS Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Idol of the Tayyiʾ tribe, a reddish rock outcrop on Jabal Aja serving as a place of asylum, described in Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_DHUL_KHALASA,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Dhu'l-Khalasa ENT_ARAB_DHUL_KHALASA Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation White quartz betyl and oracular sanctuary at Tabala in Yemen, 'the Yemeni Kaʿba,' venerated by Daws, Khathʿam and Bajila per Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_ISAF,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Isāf ENT_ARAB_ISAF Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Idol at the Kaʿba; in tradition a man petrified for sacrilege, paired with Nāʾila, attested in Ibn al-Kalbi at al-Safa/al-Marwa.
ENT_ARAB_KAABA_IDOLS,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation The Idols of Pre-Islamic Arabia ENT_ARAB_KAABA_IDOLS Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation Collective of the betyls and idols of the Hijaz and wider Arabia catalogued in Ibn al-Kalbi's Kitab al-Asnam and reflected in Qurʾan 71:23.
ENT_ARAB_MANAF,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Manāf ENT_ARAB_MANAF Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Meccan deity whose name survives in the Quraysh name ʿAbd Manaf; listed among the gods of Mecca in Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_NAILA,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Nāʾila ENT_ARAB_NAILA Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Female idol at the Kaʿba, paired with Isāf as a petrified couple, attested in Ibn al-Kalbi at al-Safa/al-Marwa.
ENT_ARAB_NUHM,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Nuhm ENT_ARAB_NUHM Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Deity of the Muzayna tribe whose name survives in the theophoric ʿAbd Nuhm; listed in Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_QUZAH,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Quzaḥ ENT_ARAB_QUZAH Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Storm/rainbow deity associated with the hill Quzaḥ at Muzdalifa near Mecca; Arabic qaws Quzaḥ ('Quzaḥ's bow' = rainbow) preserves his name.
ENT_ARAB_RUDA,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Ruda ENT_ARAB_RUDA Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation North Arabian astral deity (Venus) attested in Thamudic and Safaitic inscriptions and named in Assyrian records as 'Ruldaiu'; also in Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_SAD,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Saʿd ENT_ARAB_SAD Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation A tall rock idol of the Banu Milkan (Kinana) on which sacrificial blood was poured, attested in Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_SUWA,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Suwāʿ ENT_ARAB_SUWA Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation One of the five antediluvian idols of Qurʾan 71:23; later the idol of the Hudhayl tribe at Ruhat per Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARAB_YAUQ,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Yaʿūq ENT_ARAB_YAUQ Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation One of the five antediluvian idols of Qurʾan 71:23 ('the preventer/protector'); horse-formed idol of Hamdan at Khaywan in Yemen per Ibn al-Kalbi.
ENT_ARA_HUBAL,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Hubal ENT_ARA_HUBAL Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs (Hubal, the chief idol of the Meccan Kaaba).
ENT_SAB_ALMAQAH,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Almaqah ENT_SAB_ALMAQAH Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation Hoyland (2001) ch. 7 on South Arabian religion: Almaqah as the pre-eminent Sabaean lunar deity; hundreds of inscriptions
ENT_SAB_AMM,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation ʿAmm ENT_SAB_AMM Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation Hoyland (2001): ʿAmm as the Qatabanian chief deity; kinship-metaphor patron deity pattern
ENT_SAB_ANBAY,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Anbay ENT_SAB_ANBAY Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Qatabanian oracular and law-giving god, paired with Ḥawkam; 'Anbay and Ḥawkam' issue decrees in Qatabanian legal inscriptions.
ENT_SAB_ATHTAR,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Athtar ENT_SAB_ATHTAR Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation Hoyland (2001) ch. 7: Athtar as the pan-South-Arabian Venus deity; masculine gender and war associations
ENT_SAB_BASAMUM,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Basamum ENT_SAB_BASAMUM Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation South-Arabian god of healing, his name connected to the balsam/aromatic plant (bsm); attested in votive cure-texts.
ENT_SAB_DHAT_BADAN,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Dhāt-Baʿdan ENT_SAB_DHAT_BADAN Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation The second solar 'Lady' of the Sabaean pantheon, paired with Dhat-Himyam; both invoked in temple dedications such as those from the Awwam sanctuary.
ENT_SAB_DHAT_HIMYAM,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Dhāt-Ḥimyam ENT_SAB_DHAT_HIMYAM Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation One of the two solar 'Ladies' (Dhat = 'She of') of the Sabaean pantheon, a hypostasis of the sun-goddess; her cult was carried to Dʿmt-period Ethiopia.
ENT_SAB_DHAT_ZAHRAN,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Dhāt-Ẓahrān ENT_SAB_DHAT_ZAHRAN Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation A further solar 'Lady' epithet of the South-Arabian sun-goddess attested in dedicatory inscriptions, a localized hypostasis of Shams.
ENT_SAB_HAWBAS,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Hawbas ENT_SAB_HAWBAS Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Sabaean deity closely associated with Almaqah, frequently named alongside him at Awwam/Marib and in Dʿmt-period Ethiopia.
ENT_SAB_NASR,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Nasr ENT_SAB_NASR Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation A South/West-Arabian deity ('vulture/eagle') named in Qurʾan 71:23 and attested in onomastics; venerated in the Himyaritic/Yemeni sphere.
ENT_SAB_SAYIN,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Sayin ENT_SAB_SAYIN Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation National god of the kingdom of Hadramawt, attested in royal dedications and the great temple at Shabwa; a solar/national patron of Hadramite kingship.
ENT_SAB_SHAMS,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Shams ENT_SAB_SHAMS Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation Hoyland (2001) ch. 7: Shams as the feminine South Arabian sun goddess; standard member of the divine triad
ENT_SAB_TALAB,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,scholarly attestation Taʾlab Riyam ENT_SAB_TALAB Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA scholarly attestation Tutelary god of the Sabaean tribe Banu Sumʿay, titled 'Taʾlab Riyam' after his sanctuary on the Riyam massif; many oracle and pilgrimage inscriptions record his cult.
ENT_SAB_WADD,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Wadd ENT_SAB_WADD Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation National god of the Minaean (Maʿin) kingdom and a moon-deity; the formula 'Wd ʾb' (Wadd is father) is widely attested on amulets and inscriptions; one of the five idols of Qurʾan 71:23.
ENT_SAB_YAGHUTH,SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA,direct attestation Yagūth ENT_SAB_YAGHUTH Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (Routledge, 2001) SRC_HOYLAND_ARABIA direct attestation Pre-Islamic deity ('he helps') named in Qurʾan 71:23 alongside Yaʿuq and Nasr; lion-idol of Madhhij/Murad in Yemen per Ibn al-Kalbi.

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CREATE TABLE "entity_sources" (
   [entity_id] TEXT REFERENCES [entities]([entity_id]),
   [source_id] TEXT REFERENCES [sources]([source_id]),
   [evidence_type] TEXT,
   [source_note] TEXT,
   PRIMARY KEY ([entity_id], [source_id], [evidence_type])
);
CREATE INDEX [idx_entity_sources_source_id]
    ON [entity_sources] ([source_id]);
CREATE INDEX [idx_entity_sources_entity_id]
    ON [entity_sources] ([entity_id]);
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