periods: PER_URA_IRON_AGE

56 historical periods covering all traditions, from the Predynastic Egyptian period (c. 3200 BCE) to the 20th-century occultist reception layer. Used to anchor entity classifications and relationships in time.

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period_id tradition period_name start_year end_year notes
PER_URA_IRON_AGE Urartian Kingdom of Urartu -860 -590 The period of the Kingdom of Urartu (also: Van Kingdom, Biainili), from the earliest inscribed king Sarduri I (c. 860 BCE) through the destruction of the kingdom by the Medes and Scythians c. 590 BCE. The Urartian state was the most powerful rival of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 9th–8th centuries BCE, controlling the highland region around Lake Van (eastern Anatolia / Armenia / northwestern Iran). The Urartian divine triad Khaldi-Teisheba-Shivini is attested across hundreds of cuneiform inscriptions in Urartian (a Hurro-Urartian language, related to Hurrian) from sites including Tushpa (capital, modern Van), Musasir (Ardini, principal Khaldi sanctuary), Erebuni (modern Yerevan), Argishtihinili, and Karmir Blur (Teishebaini, "city of Teisheba"). The kingdom's collapse opened the region for the emergence of the Armenian cultural sphere β€” placing Urartu as the direct institutional predecessor of the Armenian tradition added in v1.8.0. Zimansky (1985) is the standard structural reference; Piotrovsky (1969) the best survey of the archaeological evidence.

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