sources: SRC_JUBILEES

The sources grounding every entity classification and relationship in the database (live count on the home page and in v_release_metrics). Primary texts include the Pyramid Texts (c. 2375 BCE), Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus, the Masoretic Text, Nag Hammadi corpus, Avesta, Ginza Rba, the Chaldean Oracles, the Corpus Hermeticum, Quran, and more. Secondary scholarship covers standard academic monographs for each tradition.

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source_id title url source_type scope
SRC_JUBILEES James C. VanderKam (trans.), The Book of Jubilees (2 vols.; CSCO 510–511, Scriptores Aethiopici 87–88; Peeters, Leuven, 1989)   primary text The Book of Jubilees (also "Little Genesis") is a Second Temple Jewish pseudepigraphon (c. 160–150 BCE) presented as a revelation to Moses during his 40 days on Sinai, retelling Genesis 1 through Exodus 12 in a solar-calendar framework. It is the primary source for the figure of Mastema (the chief adversarial spirit who heads the evil spirits descended from the Watchers; Jubilees 10:8-9; 11:5; 17:16; 48:1-18), and provides a systematic account of the Watchers tradition (Jubilees 4:15; 5:1-10) that diverges from but overlaps with 1 Enoch. Jubilees is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and is attested in multiple Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts (14 copies at Qumran, more than any non-canonical text except 1 Enoch). VanderKam's 1989 CSCO edition provides the critical Ethiopic text with English translation and is the standard scholarly reference. The book is essential for understanding the Second Temple Jewish angelology/demonology cluster: Mastema, the evil spirits as disembodied Nephilim, the Watchers, and the solar calendar used to date the Enochic revelations. Cited for ENT_ISR_MASTEMA.

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