Relationships
Data license: MIT · Data source: jebboone/deitydb
- subject_entity_id
- {'description': 'The entity initiating or holding the relationship'}
- relationship_type
- {'description': 'Typed relationship from the controlled vocabulary (see relationship_types table)'}
- object_entity_id
- {'description': 'The entity receiving or targeted by the relationship'}
- confidence
- {'description': 'high / medium / low / speculative'}
- rationale
- {'description': 'Scholarly justification for the relationship, with source citations'}
- source_id
- {'description': 'Primary source justifying this relationship'}
- period_id
- {'description': 'Historical period in which this relationship is attested (null = all periods)'}
151 rows where relationship_type = "equated_with"
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Suggested facets: confidence, review_status, period_id
| relationship_id ▼ | subject_entity_id | relationship_type | object_entity_id | confidence | rationale | source_id | review_status | period_id |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1283 | Anthropos ENT_GNO_ANTHROPOS | equated_with | Anthropos ENT_HER_ANTHROPOS | medium | Gnostic Anthropos and Hermetic Anthropos are equated as primordial human archetypes in comparative tradition. | Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures SRC_LAYTON_GNOSTIC | reviewed | |
| 1284 | The One ENT_HER_THE_ONE | equated_with | Monad ENT_GNO_MONAD | medium | Hermetic The One and Gnostic Monad equated as supreme unity/source across Hermetic and Gnostic contexts. | Corpus Hermeticum SRC_CORPUS_HERMETICUM | reviewed | |
| 1286 | Planetary Rulers ENT_LAT_PLANETARY_RULERS | equated_with | Archons ENT_GNO_ARCHONS | medium | Late Antique planetary rulers equated structurally with Gnostic archontic cosmic governance. | Iamblichus, De Mysteriis SRC_IAMBLICHUS_DE_MYSTERIIS | reviewed | |
| 1287 | Anthropos ENT_VAL_ANTHROPOS | equated_with | Anthropos ENT_HER_ANTHROPOS | medium | Valentinian Anthropos equated with Hermetic Anthropos as primordial human archetype. | Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures SRC_LAYTON_GNOSTIC | reviewed | |
| 1288 | Adam Kadmon ENT_JM_ADAM_KADMON | equated_with | Anthropos ENT_GNO_ANTHROPOS | medium | Adam Kadmon equated structurally with the Gnostic primordial human (Anthropos) pattern. | Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah SRC_SCHOLEM_KABBALAH | reviewed | |
| 1289 | Adam Kadmon ENT_JM_ADAM_KADMON | equated_with | Anthropos ENT_VAL_ANTHROPOS | medium | Adam Kadmon equated structurally with the Valentinian Anthropos. | Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah SRC_SCHOLEM_KABBALAH | reviewed | |
| 1290 | Adam Kadmon ENT_JM_ADAM_KADMON | equated_with | Anthropos ENT_HER_ANTHROPOS | medium | Adam Kadmon equated structurally with the Hermetic Anthropos. | Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah SRC_SCHOLEM_KABBALAH | reviewed | |
| 1291 | Light Mind ENT_MANICH_LIGHT_MIND | equated_with | Nous ENT_GNO_NOUS | medium | Manichaean Light Mind equated with Gnostic Nous as divine intellect/mind principle. | Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China SRC_LIEU_MANICHAEISM | reviewed | |
| 1292 | Light Mind ENT_MANICH_LIGHT_MIND | equated_with | Nous ENT_VAL_NOUS | medium | Manichaean Light Mind equated with Valentinian Nous as divine intellect/mind principle. | Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China SRC_LIEU_MANICHAEISM | reviewed | |
| 1293 | Light Mind ENT_MANICH_LIGHT_MIND | equated_with | Nous ENT_HER_NOUS | medium | Manichaean Light Mind equated with Hermetic Nous as divine intellect/mind principle. | Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China SRC_LIEU_MANICHAEISM | reviewed | |
| 1468 | Hathor ENT_EGY_HATHOR | equated_with | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | medium | [RETYPED v2.1.60 received_as->equated_with, re-sourced Plutarch->Herodotus: the ancient testimony is the Aphrodite temple in the cow-goddess city — "the name of the city is Atarbechis, and in it there is set up a holy temple of Aphrodite" (Hdt 2.41, trans. Macaulay, PG #2707, verified verbatim 2026-07-01); Atarbechis = Egyptian Per-Hathor (Wilkinson). Equation via interpretatio; the derivation channel for Aphrodite is already recorded via the Astarte/Ishtar edges.] Herodotus (2.41, c. 450 BCE) explicitly equates Aphrodite with Hathor, noting that "what the Greeks call Aphrodite Urania, the Egyptians call the same goddess Isis." The identification rests on shared domains (love, beauty, music, dance, fertility) and the sacred cow (Hathor's primary animal; Aphrodite's connection to Cyprus where cattle sacrifice was prominent). Plutarch (De Is. ch. 57) also discusses the identification. Note: this adds an Egyptian source for Aphrodite alongside the Canaanite Astarte chain already in the DB — both Hathor and Astarte contributed to the Aphrodite complex. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | needs_review | Classical Period PER_GRK_CLASSICAL |
| 1469 | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | equated_with | Hathor ENT_EGY_HATHOR | medium | [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, re-sourced Plutarch->Herodotus: mirror of edge 1468 (Hdt 2.41 Atarbechis temple of Aphrodite, verified verbatim 2026-07-01); Greek Aphrodite does not derive from Hathor.] Aphrodite as Greek reception of Egyptian Hathor via interpretatio graeca; Herodotus 2.41 equates them; shared domains of love, beauty, music, and the sacred cow. Second source of Aphrodite alongside Canaanite Astarte. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | needs_review | Classical Period PER_GRK_CLASSICAL |
| 1521 | Athena ENT_ATHENA | equated_with | Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT | high | [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, medium->high: the evidence (Greek-era identifications of Allat with Athena, e.g. the Palmyrene/Nabataean iconography Healey surveys) is interpretatio, not a derivation of the Greek goddess. Mirror of edge 4293.] Athena as the Greek identification for the north Arabian Al-Lat; Palmyrene inscriptions explicitly equate the two; warrior-wisdom function is the primary basis. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | needs_review | Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC |
| 1523 | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | equated_with | Al-Uzza ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA | high | [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, medium->high: the Venus-star identification of al-Uzza with Aphrodite (Healey) is interpretatio, not a derivation of the Greek goddess. Mirror of edge 4294.] Aphrodite as the Greek identification for Al-Uzza via the Venus/morning star tradition; one of several Arabian→Greek connections through Nabataean-Hellenistic contact. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | needs_review | Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC |
| 1524 | Manat ENT_ARA_MANAT | equated_with | Nemesis ENT_NEMESIS | low | [RETYPED v2.1.60 received_as->equated_with: Manat was identified with Nemesis in Nabataean-era inscriptions (Healey); an equation, not a transmission of Manat into the Greek goddess.] Manat (from Arabic mana, "to apportion" or "fate") presides over the apportionment of destiny and death; she is associated with the moon and with the inevitable fate that awaits all human beings. Nemesis (Greek goddess of retribution and the apportionment of fortune/fate) shares the function of inevitable, apportioned fate. The Nabataean Manat was identified with Greek fate/retribution deities in the Hellenistic period; at Madain Salih (Hegra) inscriptions attest her alongside Dushara. Confidence low: the functional parallel is reasonable but no explicit ancient identification of Manat with Nemesis (as opposed to Tyche or another fate deity) is documented in surviving texts. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | needs_review | Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC |
| 1525 | Nemesis ENT_NEMESIS | equated_with | Manat ENT_ARA_MANAT | low | [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with: mirror of the Manat-Nemesis equation (Healey); Greek Nemesis does not derive from Manat.] Nemesis as a possible Greek identification for the Arabian fate-goddess Manat; both preside over inevitable destiny and death. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | needs_review | Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC |
| 1527 | Dionysus ENT_DIONYSUS | equated_with | Dushara ENT_ARA_DUSHARA | high | [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, medium->high: Dushara was identified with Dionysus in the Hellenistic-Roman Nabataean sphere (Healey); an equation, not a derivation of the Greek god. Mirror of edge 4291.] Dionysus as the Greek identification for the Nabataean Dushara; Epiphanius (Panarion 51.22) makes the identification explicit; wine-vine association and mountain cult are the functional basis. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | needs_review | Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC |
| 1639 | Tabiti ENT_SCYTH_TABITI | equated_with | Hestia ENT_HESTIA | high | Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: "Hestia they call Tabiti" — explicit equation; Tabiti as fire-goddess is the most natural parallel to Hestia | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | reviewed | Archaic Scythian PER_SCYTH_ARCHAIC |
| 1640 | Papaeus ENT_SCYTH_PAPAEUS | equated_with | Zeus ENT_ZEUS | high | Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: "Zeus Papaeus" — Herodotus notes this equation with unusual approbation ("very rightly in my judgment") | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | reviewed | Archaic Scythian PER_SCYTH_ARCHAIC |
| 1641 | Api ENT_SCYTH_API | equated_with | Gaia ENT_GAIA | high | Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: "Earth Api" — explicit equation; Api as earth-wife of Papaeus/Zeus | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | reviewed | Archaic Scythian PER_SCYTH_ARCHAIC |
| 1780 | Maponos ENT_CEL_MAPONOS | equated_with | Apollo ENT_ROM_APOLLO | high | Olmsted (1994) pp. 341-344: Romano-Celtic inscriptions at Ribchester, Corbridge, and Hexham record dedications to "Apollo Maponos"; Maponos is consistently equated with Roman Apollo in the northern British and Gaulish inscription record. | Olmsted, Garrett. The Gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans (Archaeolingua, 1994) SRC_OLMSTED_GODS_CELTS | approved | |
| 2076 | Harakhty ENT_EGY_HARAKHTY | equated_with | Ra ENT_EGY_RA | high | Ra-Harakhty is the standard syncretic form combining Ra and Harakhty into a composite solar deity; the two names are fused from the New Kingdom onward and treated as a single divine entity. Wilkinson, Complete Gods, pp. 205-207. | Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt SRC_WILKINSON_EGYPTIAN_GODS | approved | |
| 2079 | Heryshaf ENT_EGY_HERYSHAF | equated_with | Ra ENT_EGY_RA | high | Heryshaf (Ḥry-šf) was identified with Ra as a creator and solar deity; his epithet "he who is upon his lake" evokes the primordial solar mound. Wilkinson, Complete Gods, p. 161. | Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt SRC_WILKINSON_EGYPTIAN_GODS | approved | |
| 2080 | Heryshaf ENT_EGY_HERYSHAF | equated_with | Osiris ENT_EGY_OSIRIS | high | Heryshaf was also identified with Osiris as a deity of death and resurrection; his ram-form links him to the ba (soul) traditions centred on Osiris. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology, p. 108. | Geraldine Pinch, Egyptian Mythology SRC_PINCH_EGYPTIAN_MYTH | approved | |
| 2082 | Banebdjedet ENT_EGY_BANEBDJEDET | equated_with | Ra ENT_EGY_RA | high | Banebdjedet is one of the four rams who collectively embody the souls (bau) of Ra, Osiris, Shu, and Geb; as the ba of Ra he is identified with the creator sun god. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology, p. 106. | Geraldine Pinch, Egyptian Mythology SRC_PINCH_EGYPTIAN_MYTH | approved | |
| 2093 | Iah ENT_EGY_IAH | equated_with | Khonsu ENT_EGY_KHONSU | high | Iah (Jꜥḥ, "Moon") is the personification of the moon itself; he was frequently assimilated with Khonsu as lunar deity and could be depicted carrying the crescent. Wilkinson, Complete Gods, p. 112. | Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt SRC_WILKINSON_EGYPTIAN_GODS | approved | |
| 2094 | Iah ENT_EGY_IAH | equated_with | Thoth ENT_EGY_THOTH | high | Iah was also identified with Thoth as a lunar deity; Thoth as god of time and the calendar was associated with the moon, and Iah's function overlaps. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology, p. 170. | Geraldine Pinch, Egyptian Mythology SRC_PINCH_EGYPTIAN_MYTH | approved | |
| 2103 | Sun Goddess of Arinna ENT_HTT_ARINNA | equated_with | Hepat ENT_HTT_HEPAT | high | The Sun Goddess of Arinna and the Hurrian goddess Hepat (sun goddess of the Hurrians) were identified in the syncretic Hittite-Hurrian theology of the Late Bronze Age. Hoffner, Hittite Myths, p. 41. | Harry A. Hoffner Jr., Hittite Myths, 2nd ed. (Society of Biblical Literature, 1998) SRC_HOFFNER_HITTITE_MYTHS | approved | |
| 2110 | Artimpasa ENT_SCYTH_ARTIMPASA | equated_with | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | high | Herodotus Histories 4.59: the Scythians call Aphrodite Urania (Heavenly Aphrodite) "Artimpasa"; she is one of the primary Scythian deities. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | approved | |
| 2112 | Oetosyrus / Goitosyrus ENT_SCYTH_OETOSYRUS | equated_with | Apollo ENT_APOLLO | high | Herodotus Histories 4.59: the Scythians identify their god Oetosyrus (also spelled Goitosyrus) with Apollo; he is a solar and arrow deity. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | approved | |
| 2114 | Sword Ares (Akinakes cult) ENT_SCYTH_SWORD_ARES | equated_with | Ares ENT_ARES | high | Herodotus Histories 4.62: each Scythian district maintained a mound of brushwood topped with an ancient iron sword (the akinakes) as the cult image of Ares; prisoners of war were sacrificed to it. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | approved | |
| 2116 | Thagimasadas ENT_SCYTH_THAGIMASADAS | equated_with | Poseidon ENT_POSEIDON | high | Herodotus Histories 4.59: only the Royal Scythians worship Thagimasadas, whom they identify with Poseidon; he is not sacrificed to by common Scythians. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | approved | |
| 2173 | Bendis ENT_BENDIS | equated_with | Artemis ENT_ARTEMIS | high | Plato Republic 327a: the opening scene describes the festival of Bendis in Piraeus; she was a Thracian goddess equated with Artemis by Athenian interpreters and admitted to the Piraeus cult in the 5th c. BCE. | Theoi Project: Bendis SRC_THEOI_BENDIS | reviewed | |
| 2174 | Bendis ENT_BENDIS | equated_with | Selene ENT_SELENE | medium | Bendis the Thracian moon goddess was equated not only with Artemis but also with Selene as a lunar deity; her torch-bearing cult imagery overlaps with Selene's iconography. | Theoi Project: Bendis SRC_THEOI_BENDIS | reviewed | |
| 2175 | Mên ENT_M_N | equated_with | Selene ENT_SELENE | medium | Mên is an Anatolian moon god absorbed into Hellenistic Greek worship; as a lunar deity he is conventionally associated with Selene and the Greek moon tradition. His cult was centred in Phrygia and Lydia but spread to Attica and Phrygia. | Theoi Daemones/personifications index SRC_THEOI_DAIMONES | approved | |
| 2180 | Cotys ENT_COTYS | equated_with | Rhea ENT_RHEA | high | Strabo Geography 10.3.15: Cotys (Kotyto) is a Thracian mystery goddess whose ecstatic rites were identified with those of Rhea-Kybele; she was the patron of the Cotyttia festival. | Pausanias, Description of Greece (c. 143-176 CE); trans. W.H.S. Jones (Loeb Classical Library, Harvard 1918-1935) SRC_PAUSANIAS_DESCRIPTION | approved | |
| 2189 | Eros Primordial ENT_EROS_PRIMORDIAL | equated_with | Phanes ENT_PHANES | high | In Orphic theogony, the primordial Eros (Protogonus) who hatches from the world-egg is identified with Phanes, the first-born god of light; both names refer to the same primordial creative force. Theoi Daimones. | Theoi Project: Eros Primordial SRC_THEOI_EROS_PRIMORDIAL | reviewed | |
| 2260 | ʿAmm ENT_SAB_AMM | equated_with | Sin ENT_SIN | medium | ʿAmm is a South Arabian (Qatabanian) moon deity; his name means "Paternal Uncle" and he is the chief deity of the Qatabanian kingdom. He is identified with the broader Semitic moon-god tradition represented by Sin/Nanna in Mesopotamia. | Theoi Daemones/personifications index SRC_THEOI_DAIMONES | approved | |
| 2261 | Shams ENT_SAB_SHAMS | equated_with | Utu/Shamash ENT_MES_UTU_SHAMASH | medium | Shams is the South Arabian sun deity (the name cognate with Semitic šmš, "sun"); she is identified with the Semitic solar deity tradition represented by Utu/Shamash in Mesopotamia and with the South Arabian solar goddess tradition. | Theoi Daemones/personifications index SRC_THEOI_DAIMONES | approved | |
| 2318 | Bendis ENT_BENDIS | equated_with | Hecate ENT_HECATE | medium | Thracian Bendis is equated with Hecate in some ancient sources alongside the primary Artemis equation; both are nocturnal lunar hunting deities. Archibald (1998) ch. 8 notes the Hecate equation in Athenian votive material. Confidence medium: Artemis equation is primary, Hecate secondary. | Zosia H. Archibald, The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998) SRC_ARCHIBALD_ODRYSIAN | reviewed | Thracian Iron Age and Classical Period PER_THRA_IRON_AGE |
| 2396 | Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT | equated_with | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | high | [RETYPED v2.1.60 received_as->equated_with: Herodotus is an ancient author making an equation — "Of gods they believe in Dionysos and Urania alone ... and Urania they call Alilat" (Hdt 3.8, trans. Macaulay, PG #2707, verified verbatim 2026-07-01; Macaulay's "Urania" = Aphrodite Ourania). No derivation of the Arabian goddess into Aphrodite is asserted by the source.] Herodotus (Histories 3.8, c. 430 BCE) is the earliest and most explicit ancient equation of an Arabian goddess with a Greek one: he names the two Arabian deities as "Orotalt" (= Dushara/Allah) and "Alilat" (= Al-Lat), and explicitly states "Alilat is the same as Aphrodite." He specifies Aphrodite Ourania (Heavenly Aphrodite), the celestial aspect of Aphrodite associated with the morning star / Venus — the precise identification that connects Al-Lat to the Venus goddess tradition spanning Inanna/Ishtar (Mesopotamian), Astarte (Canaanite/Phoenician), and Aphrodite (Greek). Herodotus's account predates the Nabataean kingdom proper (which emerges as a distinct polity c. 4th c. BCE) and documents the pre-Nabataean north Arabian goddess tradition. The existing Athena equation (ENT_ARA_ALLAT received_as ENT_ATHENA) reflects the later Palmyrene period identification; the Aphrodite equation via Herodotus is the earlier and more widespread ancient testimony. SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES 3.8. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | needs_review | Pre-Islamic Arabia (Jahiliyyah) PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC |
| 2397 | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | equated_with | Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT | high | [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with: mirror of the Hdt 3.8 Alilat = Aphrodite Urania equation ("and Urania they call Alilat", Macaulay, PG #2707, verified verbatim 2026-07-01); Greek Aphrodite does not derive from Allat.] In Herodotus's interpretatio graeca (Histories 3.8), the Greek understanding of Aphrodite Ourania (Heavenly Aphrodite) was identified with the north Arabian goddess Alilat/Al-Lat — one of the earliest documented Greek-Arabian divine equations. This reflects the ancient perception that Aphrodite Ourania and the Arabian great goddess shared the celestial Venus/morning-star domain. The relationship is consistent with the broader Semitic great goddess complex (Astarte, Inanna/Ishtar, Al-Uzza, Al-Lat) all sharing the Venus star identification. SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES 3.8. | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | needs_review | Pre-Islamic Arabia (Jahiliyyah) PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC |
| 2503 | Taranis ENT_CEL_TARANIS | equated_with | Jupiter ENT_ROM_JUPITER | high | Taranis is equated with Jupiter in the ancient sources (Lucan; dedications to Iupiter Taranucus/Taranis). | Miranda Green, Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend SRC_GREEN_CELTIC_GODS | reviewed | |
| 2506 | Lugus ENT_CEL_LUGUS | equated_with | Mercury ENT_ROM_MERCURY | high | Lugus is the Gaulish god Caesar describes as "Mercury, the most honoured god of Gaul", inventor of all arts and patron of trade; the toponym Lugdunum (Lyon) marks his cult. | Miranda Green, Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend SRC_GREEN_CELTIC_GODS | reviewed | |
| 3813 | Odin ENT_NOR_ODIN | equated_with | Mercury ENT_ROM_MERCURY | high | Interpretatio romana: Tacitus (Germania 9; Annals 13.57) names the chief Germanic god "Mercury"; confirmed by the weekday calque dies Mercurii -> Wodnesdaeg (Wednesday). | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 3814 | Tyr ENT_NOR_TYR | equated_with | Mars ENT_ROM_MARS | high | Interpretatio romana: Tacitus (Germania 9) gives "Mars" for the war-god Tiwaz/Tyr; weekday calque dies Martis -> Tiwesdaeg (Tuesday). | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 3815 | Thor ENT_NOR_THOR | equated_with | Heracles ENT_HERACLES | high | Interpretatio romana: Tacitus (Germania 9) names "Hercules" among the Germanic gods, read by scholars as Thor/Donar on the basis of strength and the club/hammer champion-motif. | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 3816 | Thor ENT_NOR_THOR | equated_with | Jupiter ENT_ROM_JUPITER | high | Interpretatio germanica: the weekday calque dies Iovis -> Thunresdaeg (Thursday) equates the thunderer Donar/Thor with Jupiter Tonans. (A distinct basis from the Tacitean Hercules link.) | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 3817 | Frigg ENT_NOR_FRIGG | equated_with | Venus ENT_ROM_VENUS | high | Interpretatio germanica: the weekday calque dies Veneris -> Frigedaeg (Friday) renders Venus with the chief goddess Frija/Frigg. | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 3818 | Nerthus ENT_NOR_NERTHUS | equated_with | Tellus ENT_ROM_TELLUS | high | Tacitus (Germania 40) explicitly: "Nerthum, id est Terram matrem" — Nerthus is Mother Earth (Roman Terra Mater / Tellus). | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 3819 | The Alcis ENT_NOR_ALCIS | equated_with | Dioscuri ENT_DIOSCURI | high | Tacitus (Germania 43): the Nahanarvali twins are, "by Roman interpretation," Castor and Pollux (the Dioscuri). | Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA | reviewed | |
| 4119 | Pinikir ENT_ELAM_PINIKIR | equated_with | Inanna/Ishtar ENT_MES_INANNA_ISHTAR | high | Pinikir shares the 'mistress of heaven'/Venus profile of Inanna-Ishtar and is equated with her in god lists. | Wouter F. M. Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation (Achaemenid History XIV, NINO 2008) SRC_HENKELMAN_ELAM | reviewed | |
| 4120 | Pinikir ENT_ELAM_PINIKIR | equated_with | Ninsianna ENT_MES_NINSIANNA | high | Emar/Mesopotamian god lists directly equate Pinikir with Ninsianna, the Venus deity. | Wouter F. M. Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation (Achaemenid History XIV, NINO 2008) SRC_HENKELMAN_ELAM | reviewed | |
| 4122 | Simut ENT_ELAM_SIMUT | equated_with | Nergal ENT_MES_NERGAL | high | Simut, the Elamite herald/warrior god of Mars, is the recognized counterpart of Mesopotamian Nergal. | Wouter F. M. Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation (Achaemenid History XIV, NINO 2008) SRC_HENKELMAN_ELAM | reviewed | |
| 4125 | Nahhunte ENT_ELAM_NAHHUNTE | equated_with | Utu/Shamash ENT_MES_UTU_SHAMASH | high | Nahhunte is the Elamite sun god and justice-guarantor, counterpart of Mesopotamian Utu/Shamash. | Daniel T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999) SRC_POTTS_ELAM | reviewed | |
| 4291 | Dushara ENT_ARA_DUSHARA | equated_with | Dionysus ENT_DIONYSUS | high | Greek/Roman sources identify Dushara with Dionysus (interpretatio graeca). | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | reviewed | |
| 4293 | Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT | equated_with | Athena ENT_ATHENA | high | Allat is identified with armed Athena at Palmyra and Petra. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | reviewed | |
| 4294 | Al-Uzza ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA | equated_with | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | high | Al-Uzza is equated with Aphrodite in Greek identifications. | John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION | reviewed | |
| 4357 | Mahrem ENT_AKS_MAHREM | equated_with | Ares ENT_ARES | high | Ezana's Greek inscription equates Mahrem with Ares. | Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity SRC_MUNRO_HAY_AKSUM | reviewed | |
| 4359 | Astar ENT_AKS_ASTAR | equated_with | Athtar ENT_SAB_ATHTAR | high | Aksumite Astar is the reflex of South-Arabian ʿAthtar. | Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity SRC_MUNRO_HAY_AKSUM | reviewed | |
| 4379 | Allat of Palmyra ENT_ARA_ALLAT_PALMYRA | equated_with | Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT | high | The Palmyrene Allat is the local cult form of the wider Arab goddess Al-Lat. | Javier Teixidor, The Pantheon of Palmyra SRC_TEIXIDOR_PALMYRA | reviewed | |
| 4381 | Sin of Harran ENT_ARA_SIN_HARRAN | equated_with | Nanna/Sin ENT_MES_NANNA_SIN | high | The Harranian Sin is the same moon god as Mesopotamian Nanna/Sin, transmitted into the Aramean north. | Edward Lipiński, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 100; Peeters, Leuven, 2000) SRC_LIPINSKI_ARAMEANS | reviewed | |
| 4430 | Zibelthiurdos ENT_THRA_ZIBELTHIURDOS | equated_with | Zeus ENT_ZEUS | medium | Inscriptions assimilate the Thracian storm-god Zibelthiurdos to Zeus/Jupiter. | R. F. Hoddinott, The Thracians SRC_HODDINOTT_THRACIANS | reviewed | |
| 4459 | Beher ENT_AKS_BEHER | equated_with | Poseidon ENT_POSEIDON | high | Ezana's bilingual inscription renders the sea-god Beher as Poseidon — an ancient interpretatio in the source itself. | Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity SRC_MUNRO_HAY_AKSUM | reviewed | |
| 5993 | Baalat Gebal ENT_PHO_BAALAT_GEBAL | equated_with | Hathor ENT_EGY_HATHOR | low | Egyptianizing iconography at Byblos led to her identification with Hathor. | Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften (KAI), ed. Donner & Röllig SRC_KAI | reviewed | |
| 5997 | Shadrapa ENT_PHO_SHADRAPA | equated_with | Bacchus/Liber ENT_ROM_BACCHUS | medium | In Punic Africa Shadrapa was equated with Liber/Dionysus (Latino-Punic dedications at Lepcis Magna). | Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften (KAI), ed. Donner & Röllig SRC_KAI | reviewed | |
| 5999 | Tanit ENT_PHO_TANIT | equated_with | Juno ENT_ROM_JUNO | high | Tanit was identified by Romans as Juno Caelestis (the celestial Juno), interpretatio Romana of the chief goddess of Carthage. | Glenn Markoe, Phoenicians (London: British Museum Press / University of California Press, 2000) SRC_MARKOE_PHOENICIANS | reviewed | |
| 6000 | Adonis ENT_PHO_ADONIS | equated_with | Dumuzi/Tammuz ENT_MES_DUMUZI_TAMMUZ | high | The dying-and-rising vegetation god Adonis of Byblos is the West-Semitic continuation/cognate of the Mesopotamian Dumuzi/Tammuz dying-shepherd complex. | Philo of Byblos, Phoenician History (Sanchuniathon), via Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica 1.9-10 SRC_PHILO_BYBLOS | reviewed | |
| 6001 | Melqart ENT_PHO_MELQART | equated_with | Heracles ENT_HERACLES | high | Melqart of Tyre was identified with Heracles throughout the Greco-Roman world (Herodotus 2.44, the 'Tyrian Heracles'). | Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES | reviewed | |
| 6014 | Turms ENT_ETR_TURMS | equated_with | Hermes ENT_HERMES | high | Turms is the Etruscan Hermes/Mercury (messenger and psychopomp); the ancient-interpretatio equated_with form. | De Grummond, Nancy Thomson. Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend (University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2006) SRC_DEGRUMMOND_ETRUSCAN | reviewed | |
| 6016 | Culsans ENT_ETR_CULSANS | equated_with | Janus ENT_ROM_JANUS | high | Culsans is the two-faced Etruscan gate/threshold god, the direct counterpart of Janus (Cortona city gate). | De Grummond, Nancy Thomson. Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend (University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2006) SRC_DEGRUMMOND_ETRUSCAN | reviewed | |
| 6623 | Michael / Adam (LDS) ENT_LDS_MICHAEL_ADAM | equated_with | Michael the Archangel ENT_SAINT_MICHAEL_CHR | high | LDS scripture explicitly equates the archangel Michael with Adam (D&C 116; 107:54); links to the Christian archangel Michael as the equated figure. | Doctrine and Covenants (LDS canonical scripture, 1835–) SRC_LDS_DC | reviewed | |
| 6631 | Shamash (the Sun) of Harran ENT_HRN_SHAMASH_SUN | equated_with | Utu/Shamash ENT_MES_UTU_SHAMASH | high | The Harranian Sun-deity is the late continuation of Mesopotamian Utu/Shamash (ancient identification / cult continuity; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6632 | Shamash (the Sun) of Harran ENT_HRN_SHAMASH_SUN | equated_with | Helios ENT_HELIOS | high | Greco-Roman sources and the Sabians themselves identified the Harranian Sun with Helios (interpretatio; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6635 | Sin (the Moon) of Harran [Sabian cult-phase] ENT_HRN_SIN_MOON | equated_with | Nanna/Sin ENT_MES_NANNA_SIN | high | The Harranian Moon-god derives from and is identified with Mesopotamian Nanna/Sin (cult continuity; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6636 | Sin (the Moon) of Harran [Sabian cult-phase] ENT_HRN_SIN_MOON | equated_with | Selene ENT_SELENE | high | Greco-Roman interpretatio identified the Harranian Moon with Selene (Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6638 | Kronos (Saturn) of Harran ENT_HRN_KRONOS_SATURN | equated_with | Kronos ENT_KRONOS | high | The Harranian Saturn-deity is explicitly identified with Greek Kronos (interpretatio; Fihrist, Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6639 | Kronos (Saturn) of Harran ENT_HRN_KRONOS_SATURN | equated_with | Ninurta ENT_MES_NINURTA | medium | Saturn in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme corresponds to Ninurta/Ninib (planetary identification; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6641 | Zeus (Jupiter / Bel) of Harran ENT_HRN_ZEUS_JUPITER | equated_with | Zeus ENT_ZEUS | high | The Harranian Jupiter-deity is identified with Greek Zeus (interpretatio; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6642 | Zeus (Jupiter / Bel) of Harran ENT_HRN_ZEUS_JUPITER | equated_with | Marduk ENT_MES_MARDUK | medium | Jupiter in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme corresponds to Marduk/Bel (planetary identification; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6644 | Ares (Mars / Nergal) of Harran ENT_HRN_ARES_MARS | equated_with | Ares ENT_ARES | high | The Harranian Mars-deity is identified with Greek Ares (interpretatio; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6645 | Ares (Mars / Nergal) of Harran ENT_HRN_ARES_MARS | equated_with | Nergal ENT_MES_NERGAL | high | Mars in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme is Nergal, god of war and the underworld (planetary identification; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6647 | Aphrodite (Venus / Ishtar) of Harran ENT_HRN_APHRODITE_VENUS | equated_with | Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE | high | The Harranian Venus-deity is identified with Greek Aphrodite (interpretatio; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6648 | Aphrodite (Venus / Ishtar) of Harran ENT_HRN_APHRODITE_VENUS | equated_with | Inanna/Ishtar ENT_MES_INANNA_ISHTAR | high | Venus in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme is Inanna/Ishtar, the planet's ancient owner (planetary identification; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6650 | Hermes-Nabu (Mercury) of Harran ENT_HRN_HERMES_MERCURY | equated_with | Hermes ENT_HERMES | high | The Harranian Mercury-deity is identified with Greek Hermes (interpretatio; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6651 | Hermes-Nabu (Mercury) of Harran ENT_HRN_HERMES_MERCURY | equated_with | Nabu ENT_MES_NABU | high | Mercury in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme is Nabu, scribal god of wisdom (planetary identification; Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6654 | Hermes Trismegistus (=Idris) as Harranian Prophet-Sage ENT_HRN_HERMES_TRISMEGISTUS | equated_with | Idris ENT_ISL_IDRIS | high | Harranian and Islamic sources identified the prophet Hermes with Qur'anic Idris (=Enoch), which secured the Sabians' protected status under Islam (Green). | Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD | reviewed | |
| 6861 | Shema (the One God of the Samaritans) ENT_SAM_SHEMA | equated_with | Yahweh ENT_ISR_YAHWEH | high | The one God of the Samaritans is the same God of Israel (Yahweh/the tetragrammaton); a shared Israelite deity worshipped under a distinct Gerizim cult. | Reinhard Pummer, The Samaritans: A Profile (Eerdmans, 2016) SRC_PUMMER_SAMARITANS | reviewed | |
| 7253 | Leontocephaline (Lion-headed Time-God) ENT_MITH_LEONTOCEPHALINE | equated_with | Aion ENT_SYN_AION | medium | The lion-headed Mithraic time-god is widely identified with Aion (and Zurvan), a god of eternity/unbounded time. Interpretatio is scholarly-attested but debated. Clauss ch.13. | Roger Beck, The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun (Oxford 2006) SRC_BECK_MITHRAS | reviewed | |
| 7264 | Kuvava (Kybebe) ENT_LYD_KUVAVA | equated_with | Kubaba ENT_LUW_KUBABA | high | Lydian Kuvava continues the name and figure of the Luwian/Neo-Hittite Kubaba of Carchemish. | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7265 | Santas (Sandon) ENT_LYD_SANTAS | equated_with | Santa ENT_LUW_SANTA | high | Lydian Santas is the western-Anatolian continuation of the Luwian war/plague god Santa (ancestor of Cilician Sandas). | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7266 | Santas (Sandon) ENT_LYD_SANTAS | equated_with | Heracles ENT_HERACLES | high | Greeks interpreted the club-bearing Lydian Santas/Sandon as Heracles, grounding the Heraclid dynasty of Sardis (interpretatio Graeca; Munn 2006). | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7267 | Artimus ENT_LYD_ARTIMUS | equated_with | Artemis ENT_ARTEMIS | high | Lydian Artimus is the local form regularly equated with Greek Artemis on phonetic and functional grounds. | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7268 | Pldans ENT_LYD_PLDANS | equated_with | Apollo ENT_APOLLO | medium | Pldans is conventionally identified with Greek Apollo by name and protective/oracular function. | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7269 | Lametrus ENT_LYD_LAMETRUS | equated_with | Demeter ENT_DEMETER | medium | Lydian Lametrus is identified with Greek Demeter by name and agrarian grain function. | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7271 | Kandaules ENT_LYD_KANDAULES | equated_with | Hermes ENT_HERMES | medium | Hipponax reports Kandaules ('dog-throttler') as a Lydian title of Hermes, a guardian/psychopomp figure. | Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS | reviewed | |
| 7279 | Trqqas ENT_LYC_TRQQAS | equated_with | Tarhunz ENT_LUW_TARHUNZ | high | Trqqas is the Lycian reflex of the Luwian storm-god Tarhunz (interpretatio across the Luwic continuum). | Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS | reviewed | |
| 7280 | Trqqas ENT_LYC_TRQQAS | equated_with | Tarhunna ENT_HTT_TARHUNNA | medium | Trqqas continues the wider Anatolian storm-god Tarhunt, of which Hittite Tarhunna is the cognate. | Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS | reviewed | |
| 7281 | Trqqas ENT_LYC_TRQQAS | equated_with | Zeus ENT_ZEUS | medium | As the chief Anatolian storm/sky-god, Trqqas was identified with Zeus in Greek interpretatio of Lycian cult. | Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS | reviewed | |
| 7282 | Natri ENT_LYC_NATRI | equated_with | Apollo ENT_APOLLO | high | Natri is identified with Apollo in the Lycian-Greek bilingual inscriptions and coinage. | Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS | reviewed |
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