✦ DeityDB
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Relationships

2,079 typed, source-backed relationships between entities. Each row records a directed relationship (subject → type → object) with a justifying source and rationale note. See relationship_types for the full controlled vocabulary of 70 relationship types. Key types: reception_of / received_as (transmission across traditions), equated_with (interpretatio graeca / analogues), parent_of (genealogy), member_of (collective membership), emanates_from (Gnostic/Neoplatonic structure).

Data license: MIT · Data source: jebboone/deitydb

subject_entity_id
{'description': 'The entity initiating or holding the relationship'}
relationship_type
{'description': 'Typed relationship from the controlled vocabulary (see relationship_types table)'}
object_entity_id
{'description': 'The entity receiving or targeted by the relationship'}
confidence
{'description': 'high / medium / low / speculative'}
rationale
{'description': 'Scholarly justification for the relationship, with source citations'}
source_id
{'description': 'Primary source justifying this relationship'}
period_id
{'description': 'Historical period in which this relationship is attested (null = all periods)'}

151 rows where relationship_type = "equated_with"

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relationship_id ▼ subject_entity_id relationship_type object_entity_id confidence rationale source_id review_status period_id
1283 Anthropos ENT_GNO_ANTHROPOS equated_with Anthropos ENT_HER_ANTHROPOS medium Gnostic Anthropos and Hermetic Anthropos are equated as primordial human archetypes in comparative tradition. Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures SRC_LAYTON_GNOSTIC reviewed  
1284 The One ENT_HER_THE_ONE equated_with Monad ENT_GNO_MONAD medium Hermetic The One and Gnostic Monad equated as supreme unity/source across Hermetic and Gnostic contexts. Corpus Hermeticum SRC_CORPUS_HERMETICUM reviewed  
1286 Planetary Rulers ENT_LAT_PLANETARY_RULERS equated_with Archons ENT_GNO_ARCHONS medium Late Antique planetary rulers equated structurally with Gnostic archontic cosmic governance. Iamblichus, De Mysteriis SRC_IAMBLICHUS_DE_MYSTERIIS reviewed  
1287 Anthropos ENT_VAL_ANTHROPOS equated_with Anthropos ENT_HER_ANTHROPOS medium Valentinian Anthropos equated with Hermetic Anthropos as primordial human archetype. Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures SRC_LAYTON_GNOSTIC reviewed  
1288 Adam Kadmon ENT_JM_ADAM_KADMON equated_with Anthropos ENT_GNO_ANTHROPOS medium Adam Kadmon equated structurally with the Gnostic primordial human (Anthropos) pattern. Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah SRC_SCHOLEM_KABBALAH reviewed  
1289 Adam Kadmon ENT_JM_ADAM_KADMON equated_with Anthropos ENT_VAL_ANTHROPOS medium Adam Kadmon equated structurally with the Valentinian Anthropos. Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah SRC_SCHOLEM_KABBALAH reviewed  
1290 Adam Kadmon ENT_JM_ADAM_KADMON equated_with Anthropos ENT_HER_ANTHROPOS medium Adam Kadmon equated structurally with the Hermetic Anthropos. Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah SRC_SCHOLEM_KABBALAH reviewed  
1291 Light Mind ENT_MANICH_LIGHT_MIND equated_with Nous ENT_GNO_NOUS medium Manichaean Light Mind equated with Gnostic Nous as divine intellect/mind principle. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China SRC_LIEU_MANICHAEISM reviewed  
1292 Light Mind ENT_MANICH_LIGHT_MIND equated_with Nous ENT_VAL_NOUS medium Manichaean Light Mind equated with Valentinian Nous as divine intellect/mind principle. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China SRC_LIEU_MANICHAEISM reviewed  
1293 Light Mind ENT_MANICH_LIGHT_MIND equated_with Nous ENT_HER_NOUS medium Manichaean Light Mind equated with Hermetic Nous as divine intellect/mind principle. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China SRC_LIEU_MANICHAEISM reviewed  
1468 Hathor ENT_EGY_HATHOR equated_with Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE medium [RETYPED v2.1.60 received_as->equated_with, re-sourced Plutarch->Herodotus: the ancient testimony is the Aphrodite temple in the cow-goddess city — "the name of the city is Atarbechis, and in it there is set up a holy temple of Aphrodite" (Hdt 2.41, trans. Macaulay, PG #2707, verified verbatim 2026-07-01); Atarbechis = Egyptian Per-Hathor (Wilkinson). Equation via interpretatio; the derivation channel for Aphrodite is already recorded via the Astarte/Ishtar edges.] Herodotus (2.41, c. 450 BCE) explicitly equates Aphrodite with Hathor, noting that "what the Greeks call Aphrodite Urania, the Egyptians call the same goddess Isis." The identification rests on shared domains (love, beauty, music, dance, fertility) and the sacred cow (Hathor's primary animal; Aphrodite's connection to Cyprus where cattle sacrifice was prominent). Plutarch (De Is. ch. 57) also discusses the identification. Note: this adds an Egyptian source for Aphrodite alongside the Canaanite Astarte chain already in the DB — both Hathor and Astarte contributed to the Aphrodite complex. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES needs_review Classical Period PER_GRK_CLASSICAL
1469 Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE equated_with Hathor ENT_EGY_HATHOR medium [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, re-sourced Plutarch->Herodotus: mirror of edge 1468 (Hdt 2.41 Atarbechis temple of Aphrodite, verified verbatim 2026-07-01); Greek Aphrodite does not derive from Hathor.] Aphrodite as Greek reception of Egyptian Hathor via interpretatio graeca; Herodotus 2.41 equates them; shared domains of love, beauty, music, and the sacred cow. Second source of Aphrodite alongside Canaanite Astarte. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES needs_review Classical Period PER_GRK_CLASSICAL
1521 Athena ENT_ATHENA equated_with Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT high [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, medium->high: the evidence (Greek-era identifications of Allat with Athena, e.g. the Palmyrene/Nabataean iconography Healey surveys) is interpretatio, not a derivation of the Greek goddess. Mirror of edge 4293.] Athena as the Greek identification for the north Arabian Al-Lat; Palmyrene inscriptions explicitly equate the two; warrior-wisdom function is the primary basis. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION needs_review Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1523 Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE equated_with Al-Uzza ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA high [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, medium->high: the Venus-star identification of al-Uzza with Aphrodite (Healey) is interpretatio, not a derivation of the Greek goddess. Mirror of edge 4294.] Aphrodite as the Greek identification for Al-Uzza via the Venus/morning star tradition; one of several Arabian→Greek connections through Nabataean-Hellenistic contact. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION needs_review Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1524 Manat ENT_ARA_MANAT equated_with Nemesis ENT_NEMESIS low [RETYPED v2.1.60 received_as->equated_with: Manat was identified with Nemesis in Nabataean-era inscriptions (Healey); an equation, not a transmission of Manat into the Greek goddess.] Manat (from Arabic mana, "to apportion" or "fate") presides over the apportionment of destiny and death; she is associated with the moon and with the inevitable fate that awaits all human beings. Nemesis (Greek goddess of retribution and the apportionment of fortune/fate) shares the function of inevitable, apportioned fate. The Nabataean Manat was identified with Greek fate/retribution deities in the Hellenistic period; at Madain Salih (Hegra) inscriptions attest her alongside Dushara. Confidence low: the functional parallel is reasonable but no explicit ancient identification of Manat with Nemesis (as opposed to Tyche or another fate deity) is documented in surviving texts. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION needs_review Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1525 Nemesis ENT_NEMESIS equated_with Manat ENT_ARA_MANAT low [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with: mirror of the Manat-Nemesis equation (Healey); Greek Nemesis does not derive from Manat.] Nemesis as a possible Greek identification for the Arabian fate-goddess Manat; both preside over inevitable destiny and death. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION needs_review Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1527 Dionysus ENT_DIONYSUS equated_with Dushara ENT_ARA_DUSHARA high [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with, medium->high: Dushara was identified with Dionysus in the Hellenistic-Roman Nabataean sphere (Healey); an equation, not a derivation of the Greek god. Mirror of edge 4291.] Dionysus as the Greek identification for the Nabataean Dushara; Epiphanius (Panarion 51.22) makes the identification explicit; wine-vine association and mountain cult are the functional basis. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION needs_review Hellenistic Period PER_GRK_HELLENISTIC
1639 Tabiti ENT_SCYTH_TABITI equated_with Hestia ENT_HESTIA high Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: "Hestia they call Tabiti" — explicit equation; Tabiti as fire-goddess is the most natural parallel to Hestia Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES reviewed Archaic Scythian PER_SCYTH_ARCHAIC
1640 Papaeus ENT_SCYTH_PAPAEUS equated_with Zeus ENT_ZEUS high Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: "Zeus Papaeus" — Herodotus notes this equation with unusual approbation ("very rightly in my judgment") Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES reviewed Archaic Scythian PER_SCYTH_ARCHAIC
1641 Api ENT_SCYTH_API equated_with Gaia ENT_GAIA high Herodotus Histories 4.59.2: "Earth Api" — explicit equation; Api as earth-wife of Papaeus/Zeus Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES reviewed Archaic Scythian PER_SCYTH_ARCHAIC
1780 Maponos ENT_CEL_MAPONOS equated_with Apollo ENT_ROM_APOLLO high Olmsted (1994) pp. 341-344: Romano-Celtic inscriptions at Ribchester, Corbridge, and Hexham record dedications to "Apollo Maponos"; Maponos is consistently equated with Roman Apollo in the northern British and Gaulish inscription record. Olmsted, Garrett. The Gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans (Archaeolingua, 1994) SRC_OLMSTED_GODS_CELTS approved  
2076 Harakhty ENT_EGY_HARAKHTY equated_with Ra ENT_EGY_RA high Ra-Harakhty is the standard syncretic form combining Ra and Harakhty into a composite solar deity; the two names are fused from the New Kingdom onward and treated as a single divine entity. Wilkinson, Complete Gods, pp. 205-207. Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt SRC_WILKINSON_EGYPTIAN_GODS approved  
2079 Heryshaf ENT_EGY_HERYSHAF equated_with Ra ENT_EGY_RA high Heryshaf (Ḥry-šf) was identified with Ra as a creator and solar deity; his epithet "he who is upon his lake" evokes the primordial solar mound. Wilkinson, Complete Gods, p. 161. Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt SRC_WILKINSON_EGYPTIAN_GODS approved  
2080 Heryshaf ENT_EGY_HERYSHAF equated_with Osiris ENT_EGY_OSIRIS high Heryshaf was also identified with Osiris as a deity of death and resurrection; his ram-form links him to the ba (soul) traditions centred on Osiris. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology, p. 108. Geraldine Pinch, Egyptian Mythology SRC_PINCH_EGYPTIAN_MYTH approved  
2082 Banebdjedet ENT_EGY_BANEBDJEDET equated_with Ra ENT_EGY_RA high Banebdjedet is one of the four rams who collectively embody the souls (bau) of Ra, Osiris, Shu, and Geb; as the ba of Ra he is identified with the creator sun god. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology, p. 106. Geraldine Pinch, Egyptian Mythology SRC_PINCH_EGYPTIAN_MYTH approved  
2093 Iah ENT_EGY_IAH equated_with Khonsu ENT_EGY_KHONSU high Iah (Jꜥḥ, "Moon") is the personification of the moon itself; he was frequently assimilated with Khonsu as lunar deity and could be depicted carrying the crescent. Wilkinson, Complete Gods, p. 112. Richard H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt SRC_WILKINSON_EGYPTIAN_GODS approved  
2094 Iah ENT_EGY_IAH equated_with Thoth ENT_EGY_THOTH high Iah was also identified with Thoth as a lunar deity; Thoth as god of time and the calendar was associated with the moon, and Iah's function overlaps. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology, p. 170. Geraldine Pinch, Egyptian Mythology SRC_PINCH_EGYPTIAN_MYTH approved  
2103 Sun Goddess of Arinna ENT_HTT_ARINNA equated_with Hepat ENT_HTT_HEPAT high The Sun Goddess of Arinna and the Hurrian goddess Hepat (sun goddess of the Hurrians) were identified in the syncretic Hittite-Hurrian theology of the Late Bronze Age. Hoffner, Hittite Myths, p. 41. Harry A. Hoffner Jr., Hittite Myths, 2nd ed. (Society of Biblical Literature, 1998) SRC_HOFFNER_HITTITE_MYTHS approved  
2110 Artimpasa ENT_SCYTH_ARTIMPASA equated_with Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE high Herodotus Histories 4.59: the Scythians call Aphrodite Urania (Heavenly Aphrodite) "Artimpasa"; she is one of the primary Scythian deities. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES approved  
2112 Oetosyrus / Goitosyrus ENT_SCYTH_OETOSYRUS equated_with Apollo ENT_APOLLO high Herodotus Histories 4.59: the Scythians identify their god Oetosyrus (also spelled Goitosyrus) with Apollo; he is a solar and arrow deity. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES approved  
2114 Sword Ares (Akinakes cult) ENT_SCYTH_SWORD_ARES equated_with Ares ENT_ARES high Herodotus Histories 4.62: each Scythian district maintained a mound of brushwood topped with an ancient iron sword (the akinakes) as the cult image of Ares; prisoners of war were sacrificed to it. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES approved  
2116 Thagimasadas ENT_SCYTH_THAGIMASADAS equated_with Poseidon ENT_POSEIDON high Herodotus Histories 4.59: only the Royal Scythians worship Thagimasadas, whom they identify with Poseidon; he is not sacrificed to by common Scythians. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES approved  
2173 Bendis ENT_BENDIS equated_with Artemis ENT_ARTEMIS high Plato Republic 327a: the opening scene describes the festival of Bendis in Piraeus; she was a Thracian goddess equated with Artemis by Athenian interpreters and admitted to the Piraeus cult in the 5th c. BCE. Theoi Project: Bendis SRC_THEOI_BENDIS reviewed  
2174 Bendis ENT_BENDIS equated_with Selene ENT_SELENE medium Bendis the Thracian moon goddess was equated not only with Artemis but also with Selene as a lunar deity; her torch-bearing cult imagery overlaps with Selene's iconography. Theoi Project: Bendis SRC_THEOI_BENDIS reviewed  
2175 Mên ENT_M_N equated_with Selene ENT_SELENE medium Mên is an Anatolian moon god absorbed into Hellenistic Greek worship; as a lunar deity he is conventionally associated with Selene and the Greek moon tradition. His cult was centred in Phrygia and Lydia but spread to Attica and Phrygia. Theoi Daemones/personifications index SRC_THEOI_DAIMONES approved  
2180 Cotys ENT_COTYS equated_with Rhea ENT_RHEA high Strabo Geography 10.3.15: Cotys (Kotyto) is a Thracian mystery goddess whose ecstatic rites were identified with those of Rhea-Kybele; she was the patron of the Cotyttia festival. Pausanias, Description of Greece (c. 143-176 CE); trans. W.H.S. Jones (Loeb Classical Library, Harvard 1918-1935) SRC_PAUSANIAS_DESCRIPTION approved  
2189 Eros Primordial ENT_EROS_PRIMORDIAL equated_with Phanes ENT_PHANES high In Orphic theogony, the primordial Eros (Protogonus) who hatches from the world-egg is identified with Phanes, the first-born god of light; both names refer to the same primordial creative force. Theoi Daimones. Theoi Project: Eros Primordial SRC_THEOI_EROS_PRIMORDIAL reviewed  
2260 ʿAmm ENT_SAB_AMM equated_with Sin ENT_SIN medium ʿAmm is a South Arabian (Qatabanian) moon deity; his name means "Paternal Uncle" and he is the chief deity of the Qatabanian kingdom. He is identified with the broader Semitic moon-god tradition represented by Sin/Nanna in Mesopotamia. Theoi Daemones/personifications index SRC_THEOI_DAIMONES approved  
2261 Shams ENT_SAB_SHAMS equated_with Utu/Shamash ENT_MES_UTU_SHAMASH medium Shams is the South Arabian sun deity (the name cognate with Semitic šmš, "sun"); she is identified with the Semitic solar deity tradition represented by Utu/Shamash in Mesopotamia and with the South Arabian solar goddess tradition. Theoi Daemones/personifications index SRC_THEOI_DAIMONES approved  
2318 Bendis ENT_BENDIS equated_with Hecate ENT_HECATE medium Thracian Bendis is equated with Hecate in some ancient sources alongside the primary Artemis equation; both are nocturnal lunar hunting deities. Archibald (1998) ch. 8 notes the Hecate equation in Athenian votive material. Confidence medium: Artemis equation is primary, Hecate secondary. Zosia H. Archibald, The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998) SRC_ARCHIBALD_ODRYSIAN reviewed Thracian Iron Age and Classical Period PER_THRA_IRON_AGE
2396 Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT equated_with Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE high [RETYPED v2.1.60 received_as->equated_with: Herodotus is an ancient author making an equation — "Of gods they believe in Dionysos and Urania alone ... and Urania they call Alilat" (Hdt 3.8, trans. Macaulay, PG #2707, verified verbatim 2026-07-01; Macaulay's "Urania" = Aphrodite Ourania). No derivation of the Arabian goddess into Aphrodite is asserted by the source.] Herodotus (Histories 3.8, c. 430 BCE) is the earliest and most explicit ancient equation of an Arabian goddess with a Greek one: he names the two Arabian deities as "Orotalt" (= Dushara/Allah) and "Alilat" (= Al-Lat), and explicitly states "Alilat is the same as Aphrodite." He specifies Aphrodite Ourania (Heavenly Aphrodite), the celestial aspect of Aphrodite associated with the morning star / Venus — the precise identification that connects Al-Lat to the Venus goddess tradition spanning Inanna/Ishtar (Mesopotamian), Astarte (Canaanite/Phoenician), and Aphrodite (Greek). Herodotus's account predates the Nabataean kingdom proper (which emerges as a distinct polity c. 4th c. BCE) and documents the pre-Nabataean north Arabian goddess tradition. The existing Athena equation (ENT_ARA_ALLAT received_as ENT_ATHENA) reflects the later Palmyrene period identification; the Aphrodite equation via Herodotus is the earlier and more widespread ancient testimony. SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES 3.8. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES needs_review Pre-Islamic Arabia (Jahiliyyah) PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC
2397 Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE equated_with Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT high [RETYPED v2.1.60 reception_of->equated_with: mirror of the Hdt 3.8 Alilat = Aphrodite Urania equation ("and Urania they call Alilat", Macaulay, PG #2707, verified verbatim 2026-07-01); Greek Aphrodite does not derive from Allat.] In Herodotus's interpretatio graeca (Histories 3.8), the Greek understanding of Aphrodite Ourania (Heavenly Aphrodite) was identified with the north Arabian goddess Alilat/Al-Lat — one of the earliest documented Greek-Arabian divine equations. This reflects the ancient perception that Aphrodite Ourania and the Arabian great goddess shared the celestial Venus/morning-star domain. The relationship is consistent with the broader Semitic great goddess complex (Astarte, Inanna/Ishtar, Al-Uzza, Al-Lat) all sharing the Venus star identification. SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES 3.8. Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES needs_review Pre-Islamic Arabia (Jahiliyyah) PER_ARA_PRE_ISLAMIC
2503 Taranis ENT_CEL_TARANIS equated_with Jupiter ENT_ROM_JUPITER high Taranis is equated with Jupiter in the ancient sources (Lucan; dedications to Iupiter Taranucus/Taranis). Miranda Green, Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend SRC_GREEN_CELTIC_GODS reviewed  
2506 Lugus ENT_CEL_LUGUS equated_with Mercury ENT_ROM_MERCURY high Lugus is the Gaulish god Caesar describes as "Mercury, the most honoured god of Gaul", inventor of all arts and patron of trade; the toponym Lugdunum (Lyon) marks his cult. Miranda Green, Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend SRC_GREEN_CELTIC_GODS reviewed  
3813 Odin ENT_NOR_ODIN equated_with Mercury ENT_ROM_MERCURY high Interpretatio romana: Tacitus (Germania 9; Annals 13.57) names the chief Germanic god "Mercury"; confirmed by the weekday calque dies Mercurii -> Wodnesdaeg (Wednesday). Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
3814 Tyr ENT_NOR_TYR equated_with Mars ENT_ROM_MARS high Interpretatio romana: Tacitus (Germania 9) gives "Mars" for the war-god Tiwaz/Tyr; weekday calque dies Martis -> Tiwesdaeg (Tuesday). Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
3815 Thor ENT_NOR_THOR equated_with Heracles ENT_HERACLES high Interpretatio romana: Tacitus (Germania 9) names "Hercules" among the Germanic gods, read by scholars as Thor/Donar on the basis of strength and the club/hammer champion-motif. Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
3816 Thor ENT_NOR_THOR equated_with Jupiter ENT_ROM_JUPITER high Interpretatio germanica: the weekday calque dies Iovis -> Thunresdaeg (Thursday) equates the thunderer Donar/Thor with Jupiter Tonans. (A distinct basis from the Tacitean Hercules link.) Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
3817 Frigg ENT_NOR_FRIGG equated_with Venus ENT_ROM_VENUS high Interpretatio germanica: the weekday calque dies Veneris -> Frigedaeg (Friday) renders Venus with the chief goddess Frija/Frigg. Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
3818 Nerthus ENT_NOR_NERTHUS equated_with Tellus ENT_ROM_TELLUS high Tacitus (Germania 40) explicitly: "Nerthum, id est Terram matrem" — Nerthus is Mother Earth (Roman Terra Mater / Tellus). Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
3819 The Alcis ENT_NOR_ALCIS equated_with Dioscuri ENT_DIOSCURI high Tacitus (Germania 43): the Nahanarvali twins are, "by Roman interpretation," Castor and Pollux (the Dioscuri). Tacitus, Germania (De origine et situ Germanorum), c. 98 CE SRC_TACITUS_GERMANIA reviewed  
4119 Pinikir ENT_ELAM_PINIKIR equated_with Inanna/Ishtar ENT_MES_INANNA_ISHTAR high Pinikir shares the 'mistress of heaven'/Venus profile of Inanna-Ishtar and is equated with her in god lists. Wouter F. M. Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation (Achaemenid History XIV, NINO 2008) SRC_HENKELMAN_ELAM reviewed  
4120 Pinikir ENT_ELAM_PINIKIR equated_with Ninsianna ENT_MES_NINSIANNA high Emar/Mesopotamian god lists directly equate Pinikir with Ninsianna, the Venus deity. Wouter F. M. Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation (Achaemenid History XIV, NINO 2008) SRC_HENKELMAN_ELAM reviewed  
4122 Simut ENT_ELAM_SIMUT equated_with Nergal ENT_MES_NERGAL high Simut, the Elamite herald/warrior god of Mars, is the recognized counterpart of Mesopotamian Nergal. Wouter F. M. Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation (Achaemenid History XIV, NINO 2008) SRC_HENKELMAN_ELAM reviewed  
4125 Nahhunte ENT_ELAM_NAHHUNTE equated_with Utu/Shamash ENT_MES_UTU_SHAMASH high Nahhunte is the Elamite sun god and justice-guarantor, counterpart of Mesopotamian Utu/Shamash. Daniel T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999) SRC_POTTS_ELAM reviewed  
4291 Dushara ENT_ARA_DUSHARA equated_with Dionysus ENT_DIONYSUS high Greek/Roman sources identify Dushara with Dionysus (interpretatio graeca). John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION reviewed  
4293 Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT equated_with Athena ENT_ATHENA high Allat is identified with armed Athena at Palmyra and Petra. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION reviewed  
4294 Al-Uzza ENT_ARA_AL_UZZA equated_with Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE high Al-Uzza is equated with Aphrodite in Greek identifications. John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (Leiden: Brill, 2001) SRC_HEALEY_NABATAEAN_RELIGION reviewed  
4357 Mahrem ENT_AKS_MAHREM equated_with Ares ENT_ARES high Ezana's Greek inscription equates Mahrem with Ares. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity SRC_MUNRO_HAY_AKSUM reviewed  
4359 Astar ENT_AKS_ASTAR equated_with Athtar ENT_SAB_ATHTAR high Aksumite Astar is the reflex of South-Arabian ʿAthtar. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity SRC_MUNRO_HAY_AKSUM reviewed  
4379 Allat of Palmyra ENT_ARA_ALLAT_PALMYRA equated_with Al-Lat ENT_ARA_ALLAT high The Palmyrene Allat is the local cult form of the wider Arab goddess Al-Lat. Javier Teixidor, The Pantheon of Palmyra SRC_TEIXIDOR_PALMYRA reviewed  
4381 Sin of Harran ENT_ARA_SIN_HARRAN equated_with Nanna/Sin ENT_MES_NANNA_SIN high The Harranian Sin is the same moon god as Mesopotamian Nanna/Sin, transmitted into the Aramean north. Edward Lipiński, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 100; Peeters, Leuven, 2000) SRC_LIPINSKI_ARAMEANS reviewed  
4430 Zibelthiurdos ENT_THRA_ZIBELTHIURDOS equated_with Zeus ENT_ZEUS medium Inscriptions assimilate the Thracian storm-god Zibelthiurdos to Zeus/Jupiter. R. F. Hoddinott, The Thracians SRC_HODDINOTT_THRACIANS reviewed  
4459 Beher ENT_AKS_BEHER equated_with Poseidon ENT_POSEIDON high Ezana's bilingual inscription renders the sea-god Beher as Poseidon — an ancient interpretatio in the source itself. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity SRC_MUNRO_HAY_AKSUM reviewed  
5993 Baalat Gebal ENT_PHO_BAALAT_GEBAL equated_with Hathor ENT_EGY_HATHOR low Egyptianizing iconography at Byblos led to her identification with Hathor. Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften (KAI), ed. Donner & Röllig SRC_KAI reviewed  
5997 Shadrapa ENT_PHO_SHADRAPA equated_with Bacchus/Liber ENT_ROM_BACCHUS medium In Punic Africa Shadrapa was equated with Liber/Dionysus (Latino-Punic dedications at Lepcis Magna). Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften (KAI), ed. Donner & Röllig SRC_KAI reviewed  
5999 Tanit ENT_PHO_TANIT equated_with Juno ENT_ROM_JUNO high Tanit was identified by Romans as Juno Caelestis (the celestial Juno), interpretatio Romana of the chief goddess of Carthage. Glenn Markoe, Phoenicians (London: British Museum Press / University of California Press, 2000) SRC_MARKOE_PHOENICIANS reviewed  
6000 Adonis ENT_PHO_ADONIS equated_with Dumuzi/Tammuz ENT_MES_DUMUZI_TAMMUZ high The dying-and-rising vegetation god Adonis of Byblos is the West-Semitic continuation/cognate of the Mesopotamian Dumuzi/Tammuz dying-shepherd complex. Philo of Byblos, Phoenician History (Sanchuniathon), via Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica 1.9-10 SRC_PHILO_BYBLOS reviewed  
6001 Melqart ENT_PHO_MELQART equated_with Heracles ENT_HERACLES high Melqart of Tyre was identified with Heracles throughout the Greco-Roman world (Herodotus 2.44, the 'Tyrian Heracles'). Herodotus, Histories (c. 430 BCE) SRC_HERODOTUS_HISTORIES reviewed  
6014 Turms ENT_ETR_TURMS equated_with Hermes ENT_HERMES high Turms is the Etruscan Hermes/Mercury (messenger and psychopomp); the ancient-interpretatio equated_with form. De Grummond, Nancy Thomson. Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend (University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2006) SRC_DEGRUMMOND_ETRUSCAN reviewed  
6016 Culsans ENT_ETR_CULSANS equated_with Janus ENT_ROM_JANUS high Culsans is the two-faced Etruscan gate/threshold god, the direct counterpart of Janus (Cortona city gate). De Grummond, Nancy Thomson. Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend (University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2006) SRC_DEGRUMMOND_ETRUSCAN reviewed  
6623 Michael / Adam (LDS) ENT_LDS_MICHAEL_ADAM equated_with Michael the Archangel ENT_SAINT_MICHAEL_CHR high LDS scripture explicitly equates the archangel Michael with Adam (D&C 116; 107:54); links to the Christian archangel Michael as the equated figure. Doctrine and Covenants (LDS canonical scripture, 1835–) SRC_LDS_DC reviewed  
6631 Shamash (the Sun) of Harran ENT_HRN_SHAMASH_SUN equated_with Utu/Shamash ENT_MES_UTU_SHAMASH high The Harranian Sun-deity is the late continuation of Mesopotamian Utu/Shamash (ancient identification / cult continuity; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6632 Shamash (the Sun) of Harran ENT_HRN_SHAMASH_SUN equated_with Helios ENT_HELIOS high Greco-Roman sources and the Sabians themselves identified the Harranian Sun with Helios (interpretatio; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6635 Sin (the Moon) of Harran [Sabian cult-phase] ENT_HRN_SIN_MOON equated_with Nanna/Sin ENT_MES_NANNA_SIN high The Harranian Moon-god derives from and is identified with Mesopotamian Nanna/Sin (cult continuity; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6636 Sin (the Moon) of Harran [Sabian cult-phase] ENT_HRN_SIN_MOON equated_with Selene ENT_SELENE high Greco-Roman interpretatio identified the Harranian Moon with Selene (Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6638 Kronos (Saturn) of Harran ENT_HRN_KRONOS_SATURN equated_with Kronos ENT_KRONOS high The Harranian Saturn-deity is explicitly identified with Greek Kronos (interpretatio; Fihrist, Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6639 Kronos (Saturn) of Harran ENT_HRN_KRONOS_SATURN equated_with Ninurta ENT_MES_NINURTA medium Saturn in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme corresponds to Ninurta/Ninib (planetary identification; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6641 Zeus (Jupiter / Bel) of Harran ENT_HRN_ZEUS_JUPITER equated_with Zeus ENT_ZEUS high The Harranian Jupiter-deity is identified with Greek Zeus (interpretatio; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6642 Zeus (Jupiter / Bel) of Harran ENT_HRN_ZEUS_JUPITER equated_with Marduk ENT_MES_MARDUK medium Jupiter in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme corresponds to Marduk/Bel (planetary identification; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6644 Ares (Mars / Nergal) of Harran ENT_HRN_ARES_MARS equated_with Ares ENT_ARES high The Harranian Mars-deity is identified with Greek Ares (interpretatio; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6645 Ares (Mars / Nergal) of Harran ENT_HRN_ARES_MARS equated_with Nergal ENT_MES_NERGAL high Mars in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme is Nergal, god of war and the underworld (planetary identification; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6647 Aphrodite (Venus / Ishtar) of Harran ENT_HRN_APHRODITE_VENUS equated_with Aphrodite ENT_APHRODITE high The Harranian Venus-deity is identified with Greek Aphrodite (interpretatio; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6648 Aphrodite (Venus / Ishtar) of Harran ENT_HRN_APHRODITE_VENUS equated_with Inanna/Ishtar ENT_MES_INANNA_ISHTAR high Venus in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme is Inanna/Ishtar, the planet's ancient owner (planetary identification; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6650 Hermes-Nabu (Mercury) of Harran ENT_HRN_HERMES_MERCURY equated_with Hermes ENT_HERMES high The Harranian Mercury-deity is identified with Greek Hermes (interpretatio; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6651 Hermes-Nabu (Mercury) of Harran ENT_HRN_HERMES_MERCURY equated_with Nabu ENT_MES_NABU high Mercury in the Mesopotamian-Harranian astral scheme is Nabu, scribal god of wisdom (planetary identification; Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6654 Hermes Trismegistus (=Idris) as Harranian Prophet-Sage ENT_HRN_HERMES_TRISMEGISTUS equated_with Idris ENT_ISL_IDRIS high Harranian and Islamic sources identified the prophet Hermes with Qur'anic Idris (=Enoch), which secured the Sabians' protected status under Islam (Green). Tamara M. Green, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran SRC_GREEN_MOON_GOD reviewed  
6861 Shema (the One God of the Samaritans) ENT_SAM_SHEMA equated_with Yahweh ENT_ISR_YAHWEH high The one God of the Samaritans is the same God of Israel (Yahweh/the tetragrammaton); a shared Israelite deity worshipped under a distinct Gerizim cult. Reinhard Pummer, The Samaritans: A Profile (Eerdmans, 2016) SRC_PUMMER_SAMARITANS reviewed  
7253 Leontocephaline (Lion-headed Time-God) ENT_MITH_LEONTOCEPHALINE equated_with Aion ENT_SYN_AION medium The lion-headed Mithraic time-god is widely identified with Aion (and Zurvan), a god of eternity/unbounded time. Interpretatio is scholarly-attested but debated. Clauss ch.13. Roger Beck, The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun (Oxford 2006) SRC_BECK_MITHRAS reviewed  
7264 Kuvava (Kybebe) ENT_LYD_KUVAVA equated_with Kubaba ENT_LUW_KUBABA high Lydian Kuvava continues the name and figure of the Luwian/Neo-Hittite Kubaba of Carchemish. Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7265 Santas (Sandon) ENT_LYD_SANTAS equated_with Santa ENT_LUW_SANTA high Lydian Santas is the western-Anatolian continuation of the Luwian war/plague god Santa (ancestor of Cilician Sandas). Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7266 Santas (Sandon) ENT_LYD_SANTAS equated_with Heracles ENT_HERACLES high Greeks interpreted the club-bearing Lydian Santas/Sandon as Heracles, grounding the Heraclid dynasty of Sardis (interpretatio Graeca; Munn 2006). Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7267 Artimus ENT_LYD_ARTIMUS equated_with Artemis ENT_ARTEMIS high Lydian Artimus is the local form regularly equated with Greek Artemis on phonetic and functional grounds. Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7268 Pldans ENT_LYD_PLDANS equated_with Apollo ENT_APOLLO medium Pldans is conventionally identified with Greek Apollo by name and protective/oracular function. Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7269 Lametrus ENT_LYD_LAMETRUS equated_with Demeter ENT_DEMETER medium Lydian Lametrus is identified with Greek Demeter by name and agrarian grain function. Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7271 Kandaules ENT_LYD_KANDAULES equated_with Hermes ENT_HERMES medium Hipponax reports Kandaules ('dog-throttler') as a Lydian title of Hermes, a guardian/psychopomp figure. Munn, Mark. The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion (University of California Press, 2006) SRC_MUNN_MOTHER_GODS reviewed  
7279 Trqqas ENT_LYC_TRQQAS equated_with Tarhunz ENT_LUW_TARHUNZ high Trqqas is the Lycian reflex of the Luwian storm-god Tarhunz (interpretatio across the Luwic continuum). Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS reviewed  
7280 Trqqas ENT_LYC_TRQQAS equated_with Tarhunna ENT_HTT_TARHUNNA medium Trqqas continues the wider Anatolian storm-god Tarhunt, of which Hittite Tarhunna is the cognate. Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS reviewed  
7281 Trqqas ENT_LYC_TRQQAS equated_with Zeus ENT_ZEUS medium As the chief Anatolian storm/sky-god, Trqqas was identified with Zeus in Greek interpretatio of Lycian cult. Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS reviewed  
7282 Natri ENT_LYC_NATRI equated_with Apollo ENT_APOLLO high Natri is identified with Apollo in the Lycian-Greek bilingual inscriptions and coinage. Bryce, Trevor R. The Lycians: A Study of Lycian History and Civilisation to the Conquest of Macedonia (Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources) SRC_BRYCE_LYCIANS reviewed  

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