periods: PER_IB_IRON_AGE

56 historical periods covering all traditions, from the Predynastic Egyptian period (c. 3200 BCE) to the 20th-century occultist reception layer. Used to anchor entity classifications and relationships in time.

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period_id tradition period_name start_year end_year notes
PER_IB_IRON_AGE Iberian/Lusitanian Pre-Roman and Roman-period Hispanian Indigenous Religion -600 400 The period of the pre-Roman indigenous religious tradition of the Iberian peninsula, particularly the Lusitanian/NW Iberian zone (modern Portugal, Galicia, and Extremadura), from the Iron Age through the Roman provincial period. The indigenous religion of Hispania before Roman conquest (the systematic conquest of Lusitania was completed by 27 BCE under Augustus after a long series of wars) is known almost exclusively through Latin votive inscriptions of the Roman period — the 1st to 4th centuries CE — which preserve pre-Roman theonyms that resisted complete Romanization. The Lusitanian language (a pre-Celtic or para-Celtic Indo-European language of the peninsula) is attested in a handful of inscriptions, most importantly the Bronze Plaque of Arronches (c. 1st c. CE, from a sanctuary in the Portalegre district, Portugal), which preserves a religious ritual text with theonyms including Trebaruna, Reve, Laebo, and Ilurbeda. The distribution of votive inscriptions for indigenous deities (Endovelicus at São Miguel da Mota, Ataegina across SW Iberia, Bandua across a broad NW-to-SE axis, Nabia in the NW) gives a picture of a polytheistic tradition tied to landscapes (rivers, mountains, healing springs) and community life (oath-bonds, tribal solidarity). Blázquez (1962) and Olivares Pedreño (2002) are the primary scholarly references.

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